The play A Memory of Lizzie is a fictional look at the childhood years

The play â€Å"A Memory of Lizzie† is an anecdotal gander at the youth years of the notorious murderess Lizzie Bordon The Memory of Lizzie Bordon The play â€Å"A Memory of Lizzie† is an anecdotal gander at the adolescence long stretches of the notorious murderess Lizzie Bordon. Set in America the late eighteen hundreds, the play happens in a normal white collar class neighborhood in Massachusetts around then. The play happens in a normal rural school, and the characters are (or possibly the offspring of) decently well off individuals. The Characters in the play are the youth associates of Lizzie Bordon, each matured around twelve a long time old, however due the period they would most likely be less adult than cutting edge multi year olds. Each character has an alternate mentality towards Lizzie which gets obvious as the play proceeds. The youngsters Ann Dorothy Barbara Irma Jo and Kathy all harasser Lizzie, while Christy and Georgina feel sorry for her. The character Rachel Brayton is a very calm character, perhaps more youthful than different kids present in the scene and along these lines progressively frightful towards Lizzie. The set in the scene that we performed comprised of certain means to speak to the schools steps and a couple of window ornaments to speak to entryways. The scene begins with the kids solidified, some playing with a ball, others with cards and three with a jumping rope. The main other prop that we required was the doll that Rachel Brayton played with. Outfits would incorporate schools outfits, gr...

Psycology Essay Example For Students

Psycology Essay Word Count: 548Which therapists hypothesis best depicts your own personality?Personality can best be portrayed as close to home characteristics of a person. No two individuals have a similar character, yet all the various characters on the planet can be portrayed into 4 primary hypotheses. The four analysts that brainstormed the four speculations are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. (pg.64) Each man put together his hypothesis with respect to an alternate piece of a people character improvement. The hypothesis that best portrays my character is Maslows. Maslows hypothesis recommended that human needs could be put onto various levels, as though on a pyramid. (Pg. 65) Lower or increasingly fundamental needs should be met before higher necessities can be fulfilled. (pg. 65) For instance, Maslow has the requirement for water, food and sanctuary at the base of the pyramid. As everybody knows an actual existence as an oppressed individual is a lot harder then that of a rich individual. It takes more solidarity to be oppressed and ascend to the top, realizing you didn't begin with all the essential needs. Maslows hypothesis best portrays my character since I concur with what he says that individuals need to fulfill the littler needs of their life before proceeding to fulfill the greater ones. In my life, I realize that in the event that I didn't have the fundamental needs, for example, water, food, cover I would be discouraged and disheartened. It would be difficult for me to drive myself to do things, for example, go to class, find a new line of work since I would feel lower then different colleagues, or different representatives. In the event that I didn't have cover or a spot I could go to then I would not have the option to have a sense of safety which would likewise shield me from adoring my loved ones. Without loved ones it is difficult to pick up regard to arrive at increasingly elevated then what I have just aced, or learned. Indeed, even in my own life I have gone over instances of Maslows hypothesis. One model is the point at which a class venture was allocated and I didn't have the right materials. Not having those materials caused me to feel as figured I was unable to proceed onward to the following stage, which would do the undertaking. Another case of how Maslows hypothesis has come to fruition in my own life is something as basic as forgeting a lunch, or lunch cash. Without having the fundamental thing need, food, I was ravenous and didn't feel I could go on the remainder of the day in school. Maslows, pyramid shaped method of indicating the formative needs of individuals best suits my character. I feel that so as to go on in life I have to have all the things added to my repertoire to help me as I attempt to accomplish higher things. Everything in life needs a solid base, regardless of whether it be someones character or a structure. Without a solid base the structure, whatever it is, that is attempting to be developed won't remain solid. My character is a lot of worked around that sentiment of security. That is the reason Maslows hypothesis clarifies my character best.

Neighborhood walk report and ecological analysis using your six senses Case Study

Neighborhood walk report and natural investigation utilizing your six detects - Case Study Example Thus, strolling in our neighborhood at around 6 PM, on a Saturday evening, when individuals are out for entertainment only with families, nature is still tranquil and very quiet; paying little heed to the way that Brooklyn is just one precinct of one of the biggest metropolitan territories inside the United States. We live in a territory that has three private squares firmly worked close to each other; with some different squares manufactured close by. They squares are of the run of the mill block red shading; with little overhangs opening at the front. The windows have dark square edges. All the squares have around three stories and are well outfitted with the two steps and lifts. There every so often are dresses hanging in the galleries, or even now and again, brushes or dusters hanging down the railing. The essence of the last square in the line is to some degree rotted in light of continuous downpour; likely joining the effects of not having been painted with the drawn out effect of corrosive downpour. At around this time, individuals are moving all through their squares. There are not very many vehicles in the front zone since the parking garage is worked towards the rear of the structure. Kids are falling off the squares, coming back to their homes for supper. Some little young men are sitting in the square passages fixing their caps, putting on their knee cushions; one was even observed fixing his hair in the motorbike side mirror. A few adults, for the most part spruced up coolly are seen heading towards the sea shore for walk. As we leave the square, the peacefulness appears to gradually and continuously vanish from the environmental factors. The psychological quietness and ecological tranquility frequently gets hindered as the vehicles draw nearer to our squares. The most refered to traffic irritation is regularly made by a dump truck driver; who visits our neighborhood around this piece of the day. He as a rule appears to me as though he is an irate and baffled man; apparently experiencing some kind of inner sorrow. Simultaneously, individuals in vehicles and taxis are seen looking every so often to their watches. They should get late for home or different plans they more likely than not sequenced for Saturday evening. In the event that we walk nearer to the vehicles with their glasses drawn downwards, we hear individuals in various dialects; for the most part in a thick highlight of some structure reviling different drivers. The taxi travelers are seen with similarly forceful and disappointed articulations. Some of the time they are in any event, reviling their driver or quarreling to drive quicker. A few people go after mobile phones or rapidly look at the screen; as though perusing the content or punching a fast progression of catches on the screen so as to type an earnest message to somebody. Sure of them make calls and talk boisterously, seeming as though they are clarifying or saying 'sorry' for being late. In this bustli ng issue, a few people are now and again observed extremely quiet. Truth be told, there is by all accounts an infrequent dating couple. The men as a rule sit smoothly on the driving seat, with conceals on and grins, alongside a woman, sitting adjoining for the most part as similarly cheerful. The Three Blocks in a Row Some Local Eastern Residents The Famous Neighborhood Gang The library Close to our Blocks 2. Systematic Report of Neighborhood The individuals in the neighboring regions are occupied with their own lives. In the previous 10 years or somewhere in the vicinity, various societies have shown up around there. New York has consistently been a blend of various religions, races, and ethnicities;

Food and Agricultue Essay

Give in any event two current instances of how the United States has expanded its food creation. Hereditarily adjusting nourishments is one way the United States has developed its food increment. The utilization of hereditarily built harvests has developed quickly in nations, for example, the United States, particularly for soybeans, corn, and cotton where GM crops make up somewhere in the range of 70 and 90 percent of complete creation (Turk, 2014). Ways the United States has expanded food creation ranchers have used various procedure, some of which incorporate water system and yield otation which can build the drawn out maintainability and has been standard practice for a long time. A stage taken almost 50 years prior to build food creation was the green insurgency, which concentrated on â€Å"monocultures of single harvests and required huge contributions of vitality, water compost, pesticides and herbicides† (Turk, Bensel, 2014). â€Å"Advocates state that they have expanded rural creation by more than US$98 billion and spared an expected 473 million kilograms of pesticidesfrom being showered. † (Turk and Bensel, 2014, Ch. 3. 3). Devices, for example, herbicides, bug sprays, and fungicides diminish crop misfortunes both when collect, and increment crop yields. A copious gracefully of new produce is crucial for a solid populace. Various logical examinations show the medical advantages of routinely eating an assortment of new foods grown from the ground and purchasers are progressively mindful of these advantages. Rural efficiency is vital to guaranteeing that this interest can be met at a reasonable cost; and harvest security items help increment profitability and usable harvest yields (Turk, 2014). Talk about how these progressions have influenced the earth, and what sway they have on sanitation? The utilization of hereditarily adjusted nourishments have be read for a considerable length of time a few upgrades have been made. In any case, the greatest issue is the thing that has it done to the dirt the water and the air not to mention the food itself. Unfavorably susceptible response happen when the resistant framework deciphers something as remote, extraordinary and hostile and responds in like manner. All GM nourishments, by definition have something outside and unique. Furthermore, a few investigations show that they incite responses (The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2011, 4, 3-11). Changes is agribusiness have influenced our condition with soil disintegration, water contamination, air contamination, and territory devastation (Turk, 2014). I accept that this will consistently be an issue and will keep on having upsides and downsides however with appropriate testing they can be better. http://www. the scholarly community. edu/542384/A_Review_on_Impacts_of_Genetically_Modified_Food_on_ Human_Health http://www. croplifeamerica. organization/crop-assurance/benefits/increment food-creation Turk, J. , and Bensel, T. (2014). Contemporary natural issues (second ed. ). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Effects of Hydrotherapy Essays

Impacts of Hydrotherapy Essays Impacts of Hydrotherapy Paper Impacts of Hydrotherapy Paper There are numerous elective strategies for social insurance accessible today. Individuals that are disillusioned with clinical or careful social insurance are going to elective strategies to support themselves. Some elective techniques are certain through, needle therapy, helpful touch and hydrotherapy. These techniques are utilized for a few distinct reasons, for example, to reat ceaseless agony, decrease uneasiness and invigorate mending. Hydrotherapy is an outer use of water to the human body for restorative purposes. Boiling water encourages muscles to unwind. Along these lines, it decreases torment and improves course. Cold water brings down the bodies temperture so it decreases blood dissemination, builds muscle tone and diminishes expanding after a physical issue and lessens solid agony. A patient who is powerless and thinks that its difficult to move a harmed appendage without help perhaps ready to play out a full scope of developments in a hydrotherapy pool. Polio casualties and paraplegics may get extraordinary advantage structure this type of active recuperation. It is simpler for these individuals to move in water. Muscles just need to apply just a small amount of their ordinary exertion to keep up a typical body pose in the water. Hydrotherapy is commonly accessible as a feature of a spa treatment and has advanced into a different type of treatment. Contemporary hydrotherapy pools are little, shallow, warmed pools. Some are roundabout and use planes to make the water twirl around. The water is generally chlorinated. Amoung the most mainstream is those in which the waters of characteristic springs are utilized. A great many individuals experiencing a wided assortment of illnesses visit mineral showers looking for the fixes credited to nearby waters and muds. In spite of the fact that, doctors for the most part question that mineral water has any more recuperating power than ordinary water. To turn into a hydrotherapist you can take classes at a school particularly for hydrotherapy, for example, Canadian College of Massage and Hydrotherapy. Additionally taking occupations or pro bono positions at facilities, is a smart thought. All in all, there are a few sorts of elective techniques for medicinal services accessible for use. One of them is Hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy is useful for muscle unwinding, lessening torment, and improving dissemination. Additionally, it expands muscle tone, diminishes growing after injury and decreases solid torment. Furthermore, elective techniques for medicinal services are turning out to be increasingly mainstream, and employment viewpoint for this profession is phenomenal.

MITES, RSI and WTP applications due next week

MITES, RSI and WTP applications due next week The three high school summer programs hosted by MIT MITES, RSI, and WTP have their application deadlines next week. All three are open exclusively to high school juniors. MITES and RSI are free; WTP is subsidized and offers financial aid. Heres a little more about them: Minority Introduction to Engineering and Science (MITES) is a rigorous six-week residential, academic enrichment summer program for promising high school juniors who are interested in studying and exploring careers in science, engineering, and entrepreneurship. The Research Science Institute (RSI), sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education and MIT, is a rigorous academic program which emphasizes advanced theory and research in mathematics, the sciences, and engineering. The Womens Technology Program (WTP) is a residential summer program in the MIT Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) to introduce high school girls to EECS in the summer after 11th grade. The four-week program includes rigorous classes in computer science, electrical engineering, and mathematics taught by women PhD candidates in the MIT EECS Department, and allows girls to explore through hands-on experiments and team-based projects. Please note that all three applications require essays, teacher recommendations, and transcripts, and all three have extremely competitive admissions. If you are planning to apply to one of these programs, dont procrastinate! MIT K-12 Educational Outreach Programs Read more MIT Admissions Blogs McGanns Factors Home

Claude McKayThe Power and Duality in his Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

The Harlem Renaissance was a period when African-American writers, artists expressed and articulated themselves through their writing and art. It was a remarkable era, as for the first time in history, African-American writers and poets were popularly accredited in America. While many of the writers of the Harlem Renaissance were born and raised in the U.S., McKay, of Jamaican origin, was slanted differently vis-à  -vis his viewpoint. His poems America and If We Must Die explored the intricate and unique connection African Americans had with their ethnicity. His poems chanted America with words that mixed love and hate, pain and pleasure, contempt and veneration. He viewed America impassionately with all its virtues and vices because he had chosen America as his home. By probing ‘America’ and ‘If We Must Die’, one discovers how McKay builds upon Du Bois’ concept of â€Å"Double consciousness† which is shown through his adoration and frustratio n for America in the former poem and repulsion in the latter, ergo giving a voice to Black Americans to discuss the subtle and overt identity conflict and racism. Respect and revulsion are two of the most overwhelming emotions that can be experienced. Outwardly, these sentiments appear dissimilar as they are polar contraries but diving in the depths produces some evocative similarities. In the poem â€Å"America†, the reader is treated to the manifestation of both of these emotions in a poem replete with provoking opposition and weighty statements about society. Prior to McKay’s ‘America’ and ‘If We Must Die’, another prominent Harlem Renaissance writer, W.E.B. Du Bois, wrote about the two-ness or ‘Double Consciousness’ of African Americans. â€Å"Double consciousness can be defined as â€Å"the conscious splitting of the inner self in an attempt to create a character that would be accepted into mainstream society† (Du Bois, 3). The concept explains how African Americans are wedged between being Black and being American. This was a crucial issue in countless Harlem Renaissance writin gs as the writers grappled with being part of a country that celebrated liberty, and at the same time being constrained by the African ethnic identity. The essay focuses on ‘America’ and ‘If We Must Die’ out of the all the poems from McKay’s treasure chest of anthologies because the above two poems perfectly and precisely delivered what it was to be Black in America. The unusual ardor and emotion in the poems makes them stand out. McKay was distinctive as he was the first Harlem Renaissance writer to express the spirit of the New Negro. The â€Å"New Negro† is a term propagated during the Harlem Renaissance suggesting a more candid promotion of self-respect and a refusal to submit peacefully to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial discrimination. The term New Negro was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke. McKay seems to be obeying conventional, ‘white’ ideas of poetry by writing a Shakespearean sonnet. â€Å"He believed Western societies were far more advanced than those in Africa and that in certain ways black men brought to the West were fortunate; moreover, he thought of hi mself as a child of the western civilization.† (Hansell 1) But the fact that the poem itself is about Black identity issues proves that he is in an identity crisis just like most other African-Americans. Many poets before and after McKay have talked about the theory of ‘Double consciousness’, but most of them have aspired and referred to the co-existence of both African and American cultures. However, unlike them, McKay vehemently believed that the two identities were irreconcilable and there was no way a person could live with two very contrasting principles. For example, in â€Å"I, Too†, Hughes, another Harlem Renaissance poet, foresees a black poet being a part of an American ‘family’ and says, â€Å"Tomorrow, / I’ll be at the table / When company comes. / †¦ Besides, / They’ll see how beautiful I am / And be ashamed / I, too, am America.† (8-18). In â€Å"Theme for English B†, Hughes says, â€Å"You are white– / yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. / That’s American.† (31-33). We can observe from the above stanzas that Hughes is far more concerned about making Blacks a part of America, unlike McKay who always finds himself as an outsider and thus never attempts to merge his dual identity. Many poets in the Harlem Renaissance movement were born in America but since McKay was born in Jamaica, he approached the concept from an international perspective and was more critical to the experiences of spoken and unspoken â€Å"apartheid† in America. It is also interesting that â€Å"McKay did not learn protest by being the victim of American racism. Before he had come to the United States he had protested against injustice, the cruelty of man, the misunderstandings that ignorance could engender, and the evils of deprivation. For the general disharmonies, he blamed fate; for specific evils, he put the primary responsibility on individuals.† (Hansell 139) Therefore, unlike many poets, McKay did not completely blame the Americans his or his community’s misery. McKay’s writings are often termed separatist in nature as they were significantly influenced by his non-American stature. ‘America’ is a sonnet composed of triple quatrains and a cou plet composed in iambic pentameter. The poem sees the speaker constantly oscillate between his concentrated feelings of positivity and negativity that he has for America. The dichotomy of dual emotions in the poem mirrors the attitude of the African-American citizen during the time the sonnet was published. In the poem, America is personified and addressed as an entity with whom the speaker seems to have a bitter-sweet relationship. In the first stanza, McKay vents his contempt for America and the way it has treated him; however, he also expresses his reliance on the country. When McKay says â€Å"Although she feeds me bread of bitterness† (1), the ambiguous speaker is telling that he or she relies on America for his or her sustenance as a newborn depends on his mother. The receptive reader gauges the fact that America provides for the speaker, though the food being fed is unpleasant and upsetting. This statement approaches the buried emotions experienced by the Black Americans regarding their limited rights in the South. The blacks were given pseudo-equal rights, as the rights were limited to only a minuscule part of the Black population who m atched unrealistic expectations both financially and socially. This led to deep-rooted hostility among African Americans. The speaker fervently felt that America was a parasite that sapped the life out of his body and it is clearly supported by the lines, â€Å"sinks into my throat her tiger’s tooth, / Stealing my breath of life, I will confess† (2-3). This is another scathing remark on the unjust treatment of blacks that shattered the pride and soul of the people. The speaker makes a controversial move and says- â€Å"I must confess, / I love this cultured hell that tests my youth!† (3-4) which is quite contradictory to the anguish with which the poem opened. The dyad element is evident in transition of both the tonality and the confession made by the speaker, and it clearly relays to Du Bois’ theory of Double Consciousness. In the following lines, the speaker uses the phrase â€Å"cultured hell† (4) an oxymoron. The speaker lets his guard down and unabashedly confesses enjoying the grime that exists in American culture. He suddenly presents America as a guilty pleasure and he is no longer averse to admitting it. He thus makes a potent example of the dichotomy that exists throughout the piece and in the minds of many African-Americans who are in a love-hate relationship with America. It seems as if McKay relishes the challenges, both physical and intellectual, that American society presented to him during this time period. McKay, the poet, too seems to savor the trials that society hits him with during that period, and that is clearly reflected in his writing and poetry. The second stanza starts off on a more positive note and is strongly suggestive of the optimistic feelings the speaker has for America. â€Å"Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, / Giving me strength erect against her hate† (5-6). This line is one of the most powerful lines in the poem evocative as it is of the tactic imagery which the reader senses as they convey the speaker’s passion purely fueled by the nascence of America. While the speaker is boldly proclaiming that America is the source of his strength, he is rebelling against the provider of that very strength and using it to stand up against the racial hate that was prevalent during this time period in America. Although the speaker is fervently against the racism in America, he feels that he is just a drop in the ocean of the struggle for equality which is cl early echoed by the line- â€Å"Her bigness sweeps my being like a flood† (7). His feelings are relatable because often we fear losing our individuality and identity, we fear facing the masses as they approach us like a deluge. The speaker feels the same way as he communicates the ineffectiveness of one person combating the bigoted history of a nation unaccompanied. However, he is brave enough to take a solid stand and express his views as candidly as possible through his work. A rebel in a king’s presence is sure to see his doom. The speaker talks about the prospect of standing in front of a king like a rebel and awaiting censure and penalty. He compares standing in front of the rigid racism to the above and says, â€Å"Yet as a rebel fronts a king of state, / I stand with her walls with not a shred / Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer† (8-10). Interestingly, here, it is the reaction from the â€Å"king† that breaks down the expected barrier within th e interaction between the two parties. He does not raid, nor does he express malice to the unknown standing in his court. The rebel stands tall and mighty before the king within his fortifications because he is sheltered by law. McKay gives us an interesting metaphor to convey the true variance of the American system and the reality that existed within America at the time. The speaker like many Africans lived in the gray- the constant tussle of being White or Black. America is the source of his strength, but it also is the cause of his angst and frustration. Like many African Americans, the speaker desires to be true to his cultural roots in Africa, but America is home though the feeling of alienation haunts him. This expression resonates the concept of ‘Dual Consciousness’ explained by W.E.B. Du Bois and echoes what every Africa-American experiences. The poem settles on a melancholy note as the speaker foretells what lies ahead for America- â€Å"Darkly I gaze into the days ahead, / And see her might and granite wonders there, / Beneath the touch of Time’s unerring hand, / Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand† (11-14). Conventionally in the United States, in order to pay h omage to a noteworthy citizen, or a significant event, a stone memorial is erected for posterity to commemorate the feats of those who have gone before. In this passage, the speaker is examining the statues that remind people of America’s inspiring history. The speaker then foretells that America shall eventually wilt in memory with the passage of time. The speaker ingeniously uses the phrase â€Å"sinking in the sand† (14) which leads the reader to believe that the speaker knows of America’s brevity similar to most civilizations that ebbed into the sands of inconsequence over time. The robust use of metaphor and duplicity in the poem gives it a forceful slant. The stark dualism that McKay delivers is the sole purpose behind the prose. The points build a strong nexus with all those African-Americans who felt so during the 20th century and it urges them to acknowledge this feeling and allow it to empower them instead of making them feel demoted. The chaotic yelp that McKay releases from the lines of this poem are the reverberations of a group wedged between true parity and false hope. From diving deep into the dep ths of the speaker’s emotional and confused mind in ‘America’, the reader almost feels throttled by the tonality of ‘If We Must Die’ and the militant message it tries to disseminate. Although McKay denied referring specifically to the Blacks and the Whites in the poem, the fact that it was penned following the â€Å"Red Summer† of 1919 when the anti-black riots broke out, makes the sonnet reverberate the despair of the Africa-Americans during that time. â€Å"The persona calls black men in America to arm against racial oppression and lynching. He further goes on to urges them to defy all sinister forces and meet violence with violence in ascertaining their ethical dignity in their struggle for social, economic and political emancipation regardless of all odds.† (Adewumi and Bolawale 17) McKay uses a derisive tone throughout the poem, quite contrary to the one used in ‘America’ and seems to cross the fence from devotion to anguish. The speaker aims at empowering Black Americans and emphasizes the significance of an honorable death. The existence and dreadful death of African Americans is pertinently equated to the rearing and nurturing of a hog only to be slaughtered. The rhetoric used here hits the nail on the head as it makes a powerful impact. Hogs are gelded male pigs and the reference indicates that Black people were rendered helpless and had to die without a choice. hunted and penned in an inglorious spot (McKay 2), goes on to show the aspect of being trapped in a pen; just as pigs. The revolting co ntrast is intentional as McKay wants the gravitas of the troubles to cement firmly into the minds of his people. He wants the readers to get affected so that their conscience can comprehend what his people were then undergoing. McKay is strongly connected to the African-Americans in this poem and he directly addresses them. This poem is to all those who are subjugated, specifically the Blacks, and they are the people referred to in this poem. The speaker implores his people to passionately resist all those who murder them by saying, â€Å"If we must die, O let us nobly die, so that our precious blood may not be shed in vain.† (McKay 5-7). He wants them to forget the notion of being moral through non-violence and shows them nobility in purposeful death. The opening line If we must die is supposed to incite the rebels to act irrespective of the consequences and is conveyed in the line, â€Å"then even the monsters we defy shall be constrained to honor us though dead.† (McKay 7-8). It is interesting to note the contrast in the speaker’s mind as on one hand he gives them hope, but on the other hand, he tells them that death is impending and inevitable. The duality and uncertainty are explai ned by the conditional clause â€Å"if† in the poem. McKay strains on mortality throughout the poem and seems preoccupied with the manner of death rather than the time of death. The setting of the poem is one of a brewing war and McKay urges his people to stay united and fight for their honor regardless of the outcome. He says, â€Å"O Kinsmen! We must meet the common foe! Though far outnumbered let us show us brave.† (8-9) and warns them they might be digging their own grave but courage is more important than victory. He urges them to never give up-Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back.† It can be strongly argued that the poem addresses only men in the society as the imagery and tone used in the poem are masculine for example, â€Å"Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack.† (McKay 13). The poem seems to say that that the act of rebellion is associated with men and masculine visual imagery is used to enforce acts of warfare and hunting. The assertion of an honorable fight brings the distincti on between cowards and real men in the concluding line of the poem and it intends to give a voice to African Americans and instill in them that they deserve an honorable death. McKay wants his people to deliver the ultimate death blow knowing that they might not survive and he wants them to know that death under oppression for liberty makes it all the more honorable. The theme of nobility and honor is summed up by the line, shall be constrained to honor us though dead! Dogs represent the enemy in this poem and the image of vicious and hungry dogs creates fear among the readers. The poem, like many of McKay’s poems, ends on a blue and dual note. He calls the enemy a cowardly pack but at the same time tells his people bluntly to fight back knowing that death might be imminentâ€Å"pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!† Brevity is emphasized and conveyed by McKay and leaves the readers with hope that the death of his people shall bear fruits for posterity in the form of true equality and humanity. The impact of the poem was significant and astonishing to even McKay himself. If We Must Die became, as Joel Rogers put it in 1927, really the â€Å"Marsellaise of the American Negro.† (James 17) A generation later, Melvin Tolson, the distinguished Afro-American poet, similarly noted that the poem was the anthem and McKay a symbol of the militant New Negro in the aftermath of the First World War and not just in the United States. â€Å"Indeed, If We Must Die is not only one of the most famous poems ever written by one of Africas children; the poem also became the rallying cry of oppressed peoples of all colors, all over the world.† (James 17) The reason for the fame can be attributed to both the poem and the poet’s state of mind. Both McKay and his poems were inflicted with a dual conscience. We see a burning passion and reverence for America in the poem of the same name and we also see the speaker’s desolation. In ‘If We Must Die’, the poet o ut rightly criticizes the Whites by calling them the â€Å"enemy† and entreats his people to retaliate. Thus, McKay’s dual conscience is evident. The fact that the name of the country is the title of the poem in â€Å"America† proves that it was in many ways a tribute to the land of dreams. McKay viewed America with a utopian lens but found vices in the system. Both his poems harp on the concept of brevity. â€Å"America† talks about the end of a great civilization and â€Å"If We Must Die† talks about the brevity of the African-Americans who shall wage a war against the â€Å"common foe†. McKay, as a poet lives in the gray and has two folded emotions for America, because, the poem â€Å"America† was written in 1921 and â€Å"If We Must Die† was written three years before in 1919. We can then say that McKay underwent a change of heart in those three years and unabashedly started to state both the virtues and vices of the countr y instead of just abhorring it. Through â€Å"America† and â€Å"If We Must Die†, McKay successfully conveyed the that there can be two sides to every emotion and it is acceptable to not align with either. By juxtaposing love and hate, McKay created a nexus with the African-American Community and found acclaim and recognition. In his prose, McKay emphasized the significance of the common Negro and brought together Negro Renaissance writers for the awakening of Negro traditional culture. But it is for his poetry that McKay will be most considered. For in his poetry, he best articulated the New Negros resolve to defend his self-respect, ethnic value, and his right to a worthy life. Works Cited Du Bois, W.E.B. 1903. e Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago: A.C. McClurn CO. Print. Hansell, William H. â€Å"Some Themes in the Jamaican Poetry of Claude McKay.† Phylon (1960-), vol. 40, no. 2, 1979, pp. 123–139. Adewumi, Samuel I., and Moses B. Kayode. Thematic Trends in Claude Mckays Selected Poems of the Harlem Era. International Journal of Education Literacy Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014., pp. 15-19. Gates, Henry L., and Valerie Smith. The Norton Anthology of African American literature. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2014. Print. Winston, James. Becoming the Peoples Poet: Claude McKays Jamaican Years, 1889-1912. Small Axe, no. 13, 2003., Web. Accessed 22 October 2016 Cooper, Wayne. â€Å"Claude McKay and the New Negro of the 1920s† Modern American Poetry of University of Illinois. Web. Accessed October 22 2016

Employment Of Female Police Officers - 1848 Words

The research focus guiding this study is the employment of female police officers in the United States. The research is largely motivated by negative police/community relations across the country. General research topics that are focused on are: employment of female police officers, use of force by male and female police officers, styles of policing, and attitudes towards female police officers. The study is looking to establish whether or not having a larger number of female police officers in a department will result in the department having a positive relationship with the surrounding community. The goal of this literature review is to examine common themes or trends between scholarly research articles on this topic, and attempt to†¦show more content†¦The results of the study found that helping citizens and job security were very influential motivators of females to pursue law enforcement careers. The results also reflected that many female police officers see themselves as equal to male officers when it came to job duties and performance. For the research, Seklecki and Paynich (2007) used systematic random selection to select every thirtieth agency listed in the National Directory of Law Enforcement Administrators, Correctional Institutions, and Related Agencies to receive their survey, and then the surveys were distributed to all female law enforcement employees of those agencies. Raganella and White (2004) also discuss the employment of female police officers, as well as their motivations to pursue a career in law enforcement. Unlike Seklecki and Paynich (2007), Raganella and White (2004), did not conduct a nation-wide study; they conducted a study of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). They also included minority police officers, along with female police officers, to compare with white male police officers. The study wanted to research motivational differences between these three groups to understand the connections between NYPD female and minority hiring efforts, and their underrepresentation as police officers. A convenience sampling method was used (an NYPD academy class that was allowed to participate) and surveys were distributed that asked about eighteen

Vocational Education for Vulnerable Young People Employment and Empowerment in the Cambodian Urban - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 534 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Employment Essay Did you like this example? This research methodology is precise and promised on purposive in sampling (Yin 2003) or what has approach, an equal insight into the phenomenon, and analytic generalisation and this better theorising to the issue of and employment in urban combodia will be provided by this methodology which will help to select some cases which are responsible of the complex characteristics of NGOs in combodia by given only a flavour of generalisability but also a higher degree of certainty in theorising. In this case a table was used with 6 variables, one for registration, size, location, training, knowledge and skill portfolio, it also analyses youth involvement in technical, moral and cultural, and linkage to employment, these formation was made to help in capturing the representativeness of dynamics of NGOs capturing in combodia whose where targeted groups involve in vulnerable youth aged 14-30 and whose VE service is a response to labour market need. Another approach was also adopted in answering the above question whose was based on participatory observation, documentary collection and semi structured interview, after which an empirical model of an integrated pedagogy of vocational education was built up accordingly, these further provided a theoretical verification of comparing it with what VE graduates perceive as constituting the integrated VE pedagogy in the follow up survey. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vocational Education for Vulnerable Young People Employment and Empowerment in the Cambodian Urban" essay for you Create order To determine the number of students per year and their location who do enrolled them self into VE education training, and knowledge and skills portfolio linkage to employment, a number of data was collected from the intervened NGOs in combodia, after which a 3 metric table where designed with the nine NGOs investigated. The table provided the empirical data needed. These finding leaded to a pedagogical concept of at lest a triangulated by cross-checking views as follow Among differences interviewers (of leading managers, administrative staff, teachers and students) Among different NGOs Among different data collection techniques, and even. Across two different periods of field work. All these processes lead to two approaches of case background and a follow-up evaluation where the researcher has to adopt semi-structured interviews in the first fieldwork period. Which shows a statistical terms, the sample size equivalent to the population used in the structured interview. And the mini questionnaire. To further supplement and explain the findings derived from the mini questionnaire, qualitative evidence was gathered by direct observation of the original graduate students’ performance at their place of work by doing so, the importance of pedagogical constituents from the service users perspective could be further identified and scrutinised. The three-tier approach to empowering young people shows that learning formally was neither job-oriented nor motivational. Students also imply that a responsible, cooperative and inclusive environment which discriminates against no-one in the process is most effective for nurturing young people’s performance and personalities. In creating such an environment, a six pedagogical constituents at separately embedded in the three different physical learning environment settings was found as follow Relationship (change to rust, love, openness) Rehabilitation (self-expression, self-esteem and confidence) Know-how acquisition (teamwork, hands-on, practical, participation) Moral involvement (valves, model, reasoning, responsibility and social work) Incentive provision (earn-while you-lean against opportunity cost, for motivation) Consultative provision (grow while you work. Problem solving and critical thinking in a process of productivity and socialization)

Rhetorical Analysis Of Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1700 Words

In literature, there are many different components that create a timeless and classic text, such as personification, imagery, or symbolism. In some texts an author uses overbearing amounts of imagery to give us a vivid description of what is happening in the story, in others an author may give very little visual details, but instead incorporate countless allusions to help the reader better understand their story by alluding other popular works. Through the use of themes and symbols, however, an author can show how he or she, or the society at the time of their writing, views a certain social movement or item. Effectively using multiple literary techniques makes a work of literature, not only satisfying to read, but it also gives it a sense of importance in understanding exactly why that piece was written, because every work of literature has its own reason for being made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one such author that has used themes and symbols to effectively give a certain story she wrote a large amount of importance in furthering her ideology with society and reformation at the time. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† uses the symbolism of the story s title, confinement to the room, and the narrator’s husband to reveal different themes about society at the time the book was written along with why Gilman wrote the story as she did. Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in 1890, and it was officially published by The New England Magazine in January 1892. During this timeShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman894 Words   |  4 Pagesmood, and plot. Devices, such as situational irony, symbolism, and setting, are all helpful when reading short stories. Situational irony refers to when a character’s actions have the opposite effect of what was intended. The author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, uses situational irony in The Yellow Wallpaper to make the plot of her story interesting. In her short story the narrator is moved to a temporary home due to her health and is not allowed to do anything, which makes her go insane. SheRead MoreDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper1357 Words   |  6 PagesDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper Deconstruction or poststructuralist is a type of literary criticism that took its roots in the 1960’s. Jacques Derrida gave birth to the theory when he set out to demonstrate that all language is associated with mental images that we produce due to previous experiences. This system of literary scrutiny interprets meaning as effects from variances between words rather than their indication to the things they represent. This philosophical theory strives

Gluckel of Hameln’s Memoirs - 1010 Words

Gluckel of Hameln’s memoirs Gluckel of Hameln was a Jewish woman from Hamburg who lived in the seventeenth century. She wrote her lengthy memoirs in Yiddish. Her memoir is regarded to be one of the most important documents for European Jewish history written by a Jewish woman. The diary or the memoirs are addressed to her fourteen children. In 1690, Gluckel became a widow after the death of her husband and the memoirs were a therapeutic way to heal her wounded heart. The diary was used to take away her sad thoughts and to get her through her sadness. She states â€Å"I am not writing this book in order to preach to you, but, as I have already said, to drive away the melancholy that comes with the long nights †¦Ã¢â‚¬ However, in her diary she†¦show more content†¦In her memoir in book five she gives credit to some of the women like Esther Mattie who she describes as, A pious, honorable woman who †¦always went to fairs. Gluckel also recognizes widows like Baruch of Berlin, who she says à ¢â‚¬ ¦ still remained fully in business after her husbands death. The information reflects how the Jewish businesswomen took seriously their work by travelling to the fairs abroad to sell their goods. This was atypical to the German Christian wives who stayed within the city walls and played their role in the retail sector. Unlike the German Christian wives, the Jewish wives were not viewed to be flattering by becoming dominant members of society and be fully engaged in the male dominant labor force. The Jewish wives were viewed as subordinates in the society who were assumed to become active and bring home an income. The Jewish women travelled to the fairs to sell their merchandise and this did not undermine the womans reputation. Unlike their Christian partners, women who earned much brought additional marriage proposals, because it indicated the womans commitment to her husband and family. The memoirs serve as a reminder to her children to know the value of hard work. The memoir shows the distinction between hard work of the German Jewish women and the German Christian women in the 17th and 18th century. The memoirs have placed the main focus on the comparison of German Jewish womens lives and that of German Christian womens lives. UsingShow MoreRelatedGluckel of Hameln: The Identity of Jewish Women Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagesto the domestic roles women played in society, they also played roles in the trade and commerce. Gluckel of Hameln authored one of the earliest-known Jewish memoirs detailing the rise and fall of her own fortunes (Schachter.) She had great judgment for business transactions, and when she was widowed at age 54 she took over her husband’s business to ensure her children’s future. In her memoir, Gluckel describes her marriage as a business partnership, boasting that her husband would turn only to her

3 Poems Free Essays

string(143) " directive verbs which addresses to another person such as \(listen, look, come \(2x\), run \(2x\), jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry and sing\)\." Republic of the Philippines Tarlac State University COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City 73 Poems (A Stylistic Analysis) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In the course EM9 Introduction to Stylistics Submitted to: Mr. Christopher Ronn Q. Pagco Instructor [1] (listen) this a dog barks and how crazily houses eyes people smiles [5] faces streets steeples are eagerly tumbl ing through wonder ful sunlight [10] – look – selves,stir:writhe o-p-e-n-i-n-g are(leaves;flowers)dreams ,come quickly come [15] run run with me now jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for it’s Spring [20] irrevocably; and in earth sky trees :every where a miracle arrives [25] (yes) you and I may not hurry it with a thousand poems my darling [30] but nobody will stop it With All The Policemen In The World (E. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. Cummings, 73 Poems) Introduction Stylistic is very different from studying literature. That is why it is really difficult to do a stylistic analysis than to do a literary analysis. Because when doing a literary analysis, you just focus on the elements of the story and the theory being used. It is totally different when doing a Stylistic analysis, which you should always be based on facts. That is why doing a stylistic analysis is really factual and complicated. In doing a stylistic analysis, we try to explain how the words in the text create feelings and meanings. I will be analyzing the 73 poems of E. E. Cummings. I will show you the stylistic features of the poem. Edward Estlin Cummings was born October 14, 1894 in the town of Cambridge Massachusetts. His father, and most constant source of awe, Edward Cummings, was a professor of Sociology and Political Science at Harvard University. In 1900, Edward left Harvard to become the ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, in Boston. As a child, E. E. attended Cambridge public schools and lived during the summer with his family in their summer home in Silver Lake, New Hampshire. E. E. loved his childhood in Cambridge so much that he was inspired to write disputably his most famous poem, â€Å"In Just-â€Å". Not so much in, â€Å"In Just-† but Cummings took his father’s pastoral background and used it to preach in many of his other poems. In â€Å"you shall above all things be glad and young,† Cummings preaches to the reader in verse telling them to love with naivete and innocence, rather than listen to the world and depend on their mind. Attending Harvard, Cummings studied Greek and other languages. In college, Cummings was introduced to the writing and artistry of Ezra Pound, who was a large influence on E. E. and many other artists in his time. After graduation, Cummings volunteered for the Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. En-route to France, Cummings met another recruit, William Slater Brown. The two became close friends, and as Brown was arrested for writing incriminating letters home, Cummings refused to separate from his friend and the two were sent to the La Ferte Mace concentration camp. The two friends were finally freed, only due to the persuasion of Cummings’ father. E. E. Cummings experimented with poetic form and language to create a distinct personal style. A Cummings poem is spare and precise, employing a few key words eccentrically placed on the page. Some of these words were invented by Cummings, often by combining two common words into a new synthesis. He also revised grammatical and linguistic rules to suit his own purposes, using such words as â€Å"if,† â€Å"am,† and â€Å"because† as nouns, for example, or assigning his own private meanings to words. Despite their nontraditional form, Cummings’ poems came to be popular with many readers. Stylistic Analysis Before I start the analysis itself, let me tell first my initial interpretation of the poem. This is my general interpretation of the poem. 73 poems is a book which is a collection of poems by E. E. Cummings. It has 73 pages and each poem does not have any title. The poem that I will be doing a stylistic analysis is found on page 63. The fact the E. E. Cummings did not make or put a title in each poem gives the reader the permission to give their own title. So for reference, I will use the word ‘Spring’ as a title. Since, it is the first word in the poem written in capital letter. Cummings’ poems are difficult to interpret because they contain striking irregularities. Many of E. E. Cummings poems that I have read appear to all the joy and new things it brings in life but other works symbolizes negativity to mankind. ‘Spring’ is a reference for a new life. It is a beginning. I have related it in the life of everyone. After the winter which can be a symbol of problems and struggles, we people are happy in the fact that spring is coming which can be a symbol that every problem has its ending and solution. When you are somehow forgetting God and not putting Him in the center of your life, it is like everything is wrong. But when you put Him in the center of your life, everything seems alright. When everything goes wrong just keep your faith. You will feel blessed and at ease at all times. And this new life with the Lord is ‘Spring’. I came up with this interpretation by merely looking at the words and by reading beyond the lines. Linguistic Stylistic Features I easily noticed that the poem consists of many nouns and verbs. NOUNSMAIN VERBSADJECTIVESADVERBS doglistenwonderfulcrazily housesbarkseasily yestumblingquickly peoplelookirrevocably smilesstir faceswrithe streetsopening steeplescome (2x) sunlightrun (2x) leavesjump flowersshout dreamslaugh earthdance skycry treessing miracleis poemsarrives policemenhurry worldstop 192114 The nouns are mostly concrete and only two are abstract (dreams and miracle). Nouns that are related to nature are dog, leaves, flowers, earth, sky, trees, miracle and world. Nouns that are related to human are houses, eyes, people, smiles, faces, streets, steeples, dreams, poems and policemen. There are no neologisms and no morphological deviation which Cummings is fond of using. It makes use of directive verbs which addresses to another person such as (listen, look, come (2x), run (2x), jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry and sing). You read "3 Poems" in category "Essay examples" The most striking aspect of deviation in ‘ Spring’ is the constant use of lower case letters instead of capital letters which is known as the graphological deviation. It is very typical of Cummings’ poems so I will no longer give significance to it. Cummings’ desire is to break the normal convention. The effect of graphological deviation is to foreground the words which are written in capital letters. Since ‘Spring’ is the first word which is written in capital letter, I can say that it plays a big role in the meaning of the poem. Some of the words are really written in a strange manner. In lines 7 and 8, Cummings divides the word tumbling so that the progressive morpheme –ing appears on a separate line. In these lines, the verb appears to tumble from one line to the next. I think it is a way for us to understand the action being done as an important concept in the poem. In lines 8 and 9, the word wonderful runs across the morphemes (wonder and ful). I can interpret it in two ways, the noun wonder and the adjective wonderful. There is astrong element of foregrounding in the last stanza (With All The Policemen In The World) since the words start in capital letters which make it stand out. There is also lack of phonological parallelism, obvious lack of punctuation and it follows the grammatical ordering which follows the rules of syntax. Perhaps, Policemen is used because they are the stereotype example of powerful people. There is also the second pronoun (you) in line 26 and it has an addressee referred to ‘my darling’ in line 29. Suggesting that there is a romantic relationship between the speaker and whomever he is referring or addressing to. Semantic Deviation In lines 12 and 13, (o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leaves;flowers)dreams). In line 13, leaves and flowers mean that they are physically opening. Dreams cannot actually open. It breaks the rule of subject-verb-object. It will be more appropriate to say the leaves and flowers are opening. It makes me arrive to the interpretation that the poet’s dreams are opening metaphorically. In line 2 (this a dog barks). The possible explanation of this is that this is used to show that the speaker is referring to a specific dog, but a is used to show that the speaker is not sure of the dog’s name. Grammatical Deviation Cummings used much punctuation where it would not be necessary. Example is in lines 12 and 13 (o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leaves;flowers)dreams). This phrase is being bracketed where punctuations are not needed. In lines 3 to 6 (how crazily houses/eyes people smiles/faces streets/ steeples are eagerly) and in line 22 (earth sky trees) groups of nouns are often run together without punctuation. Cummings split the progressive participle ‘opening’ into its component letters (o-p-e-n-i-n-g). The hyphens are used to express that opening of Spring is a long, drown out process and slow. The following line (are(leaves;flowers)dreams) contains no spaces between words and punctuation marks. Dynamic verbs such as in line 10 (-look-) which comes with hyphens on both sides, the initial verb in line 14 (,come quickly come) which starts with a comma and in line 11 (selves,stir:writhe) which is connected by a colon and lack of space which makes them foregrounded. Actions are foregrounded in different ways. In line 15 (run run) I noticed that there is repetition of words. In lines 16, 17 and 18 (with me now/jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for) the verbs occur in unpunctuated list. Tense Most of the verbs are in present tense. The simple present tense are barks (line 2), is (line 9) and arrives (line 24). There are present progressive verbs such as are eagerly/tumbling (lines 6, 7 and 8) and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are (lines 12 and 13). There are also progressive present participles (tumbling and opening) indicates the ongoing nature of action. There are also four adverbs of manner which convey sense of speed (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably). Sound Patterns I found the repetition of particular sound which is in the phonological order. There is a degree of phonological parallelism in each stanza except the last two stanza. There are 3 repetitions of vowel sounds. how crazily houses (line 3) eyes people smiles (line 4) steeples are eagerly (line 6) †¦wonderful sunlight (lines 8 and 9) , come quickly come (line 14) sing) for it’s Spring (line 19) Conclusion The effect of foregrounding is to make it unusually easy for us to understand the poem. Actually after doing the stylistic analysis of the poem, I never thought that the real meaning of the poem is very superficial because on my interpretation is something that is not explicitly shown. And knowing E. E. Cummings’ of poems most of them or maybe a lot of them entails deeper meaning which you as a reader should really think of the possible interpretation of the poem. And ‘Spring’ is an exception to that. Now that I have analyzed the poem stylistically, I am in the position to give the meaning of the poem. ‘Spring’ is an active and dynamic poem since most of the words express movements and it involves senses. The poem is to be address to a lover that nobody can stop the love that he feels for the love if his life. It is also to acknowledge the inevitability of the natural world. With All The Policemen In The World expresses that nothing or nobody is able to stop the progression of Spring or the poet’s love to his addressee. Reflection Essay â€Å"Am I able to do it? † that is the question that really tickled my mind and bothered me a lot. Stylistic analysis is a new endeavor for me. It is very far different from doing a literary analysis and critizing a literary piece which I am comfortable and confident in doing. When I am doing the analysis itself, I can say that the feeling is really vague. It is like I am on something and I do not know where and what to do. I do not know how to start. But as I am on the process of doing the stylistic analysis, I felt a part of me feeling fulfillment. The most important thing that I have learned in doing the stylistic analysis is discipline as how foregrounding is the corner stone of stylistics. Because I believe that discipline is the corner stone for you to achieve something that you want. Discipline comes from the heart. I know that this is the reason behind why I was able to do my stylistic analysis. I have the heart and the passion in doing this. Patience is also a virtue that I have developed. Because doing a stylistic analysis is a long process. It does not stop on finding and noticing the foregrounded parts of the poem. You have to prove and say your piece of why and how that part of the poem is foregrounded. You have to go back to the lines on the poem many times. You have also to devote your time in analyzing the poem because you are basing your works on facts and not by merely looking the words on the poem. At first, I admit that I will be having a hard time doing it. But as I go through the process and making the first move, I found myself having fun and enjoying what am I doing. Doing a stylistic analysis is something that we should not be afraid of. In fact, it is an easy thing to do as long as you are guided with the correct steps to follow in doing the analysis. As I did the analysis of the poem, I found myself proud. Proud in the fact that, I finished my analysis with my own blood and sweat. It made me somehow feel that I am a certified sylistician even though it was only my first time to do a stylistic analysis. Upon finishing my analysis, I have reflected that stylistic analysis is like life. It is like the authors of poems. They write poems using their own perspective and style because that is what they like. Nobody is dictating them to do so. Another thing is that doing a stylistic analysis is a process. In this way, life also follows a certain process. A good example of this is that, when you want to achieve something, start from the basic step before you can go to a more difficult one, life is really a process, you cannot get want you want with just a blink of an eye. It is something that we should always work for. The stylistic analysis helped me in many ways. Not only on the virtues that I have developed, the discipline but also the academic value it taught me. It made me see the world of literature vividly. I can say that literature is really an interesting work of art. References: http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fass/projects/stylistics/sa1/example. htm http://famouspoetsandpoems. com/poets/e__e__cummings How to cite 3 Poems, Essay examples

Management Style Between American and Japanese free essay sample

A case in point is Japan and United States. A management style is an overall method of leadership used by a manager, or in other words, it is a type of staff employed and the way they are organized. Generally speaking, management can be categorized into two different styles: paternalistic form and democratic style. Moreover, Japanese and American leaderships correspond with these two styles. According to researchers, paternalistic form means autocracy, which reflects more opinions and personality of the leader. Conversely, democratic style put an emphasis on the innovation of subordinates, in which circumstances, employees are involved in decision-making. These differences appears to be taken into account in different aspects of local civilization. Thus, three key factors might be inferred as cultural environment, organization forms and industrial focus. This essay is designed to find out the reason why different parts of world adopt different management style and make a comparison of two nations, such as the internal culture and the external structure. Therefore, it will be a comparison not a judgement. To give a brief comparison between J (Japanese) style and A (American) style, the most concerned distinction is supportiveness. Ouchi and Jaeger (1978) in the paper quoted: Japan provides models of work systems which organize life and society but we in America have been unwilling to borrow these models, because they do not permit the individual freedom that is valued in American life. As freedom is regarded as a national philosophy rooted in each American s heart, they value independence as a most important individual freedom. On the other hand, J style concentrates on group cohesion and is depend on the leaders decision and guidance. In A style a man might prefer to stand out as an exclusive contributor among his conventional colleagues; however, in J style the approach to work and responsibility is collective and non-individual. These J characteristics are largely resulted from the lifetime employment policies of the large companies in Japan. Ouchi and Jaeger identify seven aspects in contrasting these two styles (Wellence, 2007). For A style, it is qualified with a short-term employment in the first aspect; on the other hand, J style tends to have a longer length of service. It seems that long employment can promote familiarity of business. In the second aspect, individual responsibility is essential to A style, which means that companies are determined on an assessment of individual contribution; for J style, collective responsibility has been adopted as a main mechanism of reliability. Evaluation and promotion can be seen high in A style but low in J style, which are caused by the other characteristics. Slow promotion means that employees become more assimulated into the culture of the organization. Thus in A style, it has an explicit and formalized control, but J style is excluded. That directly makes employees a Specialized career path in A style; in contrast, there is a nonspecialized career path in J style. From a whole perspective, A style possesses a segmented concern; on the contrary, J style has an advantageous of holistic concern (Wellence, 2007). Management scholars have suggested that contextual factors, especially culture, have a strong impact on subordinates reaction to various leadership style. Furthermore, a recent study by Walumbwa and his colleagues indicates that cultural environment plays a crucial moderating role in management styles (Walumbwa, et al. 2007). Japan is an island nation in East Asia. It has a long history might be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic Period. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has shaped Japans history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. In other words, in the long history of Japan, it has been a representative of a highly centralized state power. Therefore, the practice of militarism straightly results in a organization type of absolute compliance with leaders, which is reflected in the management style correspondingly. Different from Japanese history, America is famous for its War of Independence, by which American people fight against the British colonization and declare their independence. Moreover, United States is an immigrate nation and her citizens are mostly from Europe, who are strongly aware of democracy and individual rights. Thus, decision making is found to be dominated by the force of most members rather than leaders. It is undeniable that cultural boundaries separate people who are in a same event and create obstacles among them. In addition, that is a reason why can also account for the difference of management style, such as American and Japanese. The work of Walumbwa and his colleagues (2007) imply that leaders are supposed to revise their management style when interacting with subordinates from different cultural environments to expand their effectiveness and to build stronger organizational commitment. It is a clear illustration of different culture values may produce different management style. Culture values are mostly manifested in ways of thinking and doing. For example, the Japanese have a tendency to issue orders rather than ask for cooperation. However, the American are also much more outspoken and direct (Wingrove, 1995). Furthermore, Japanese values a seniors orders as principles, and the compliance would be admired; but in America, personality and individual independence have been deeply rooted in each citizens thought. Consequently, cultural value introduces different managing strategies. An entrepreneurial style is not desirable in all situations, it seems to be regarded as good or bad when considered in a particular organizational or environmental context. Jeffrey and Dennis (1998) have stated that the high level of performance achieved by many innovative firms with flexible, non-bureaucratic structural attributes suggests that the fit between organization structure and firms entrepreneurial orientation may be particularly crucial to the effectiveness of that firm. Therefore, a well-defined, clearly related organization structure could realize a reasonable management style. According to Charles (1977), the socio-economic situations in the U. S. and Japan during the three decades following the Second World War were wholly different. In domestic and foreign market, the Japanese economy has grown up as an external-oriented industry. It is essentially that a highly import dependent economy and Japanese executives have kept this in mind. Although the economy is vulnerable due to external variations, Japan achieves a rapid economic growth that even exceeded the United States (Charles,1977). On the other hand, U. S. economy concerntrates on the development of technology. As new technology is in demand of endless innovation and creativity to make a breakthrough, the conservative Japanese management style is bound be a second choice, however, the indvividual motivated American style is firstly needed. While American business had to keep up with technological progress in almost all major fields during this period, Japanese business achieved technical success in some specialized fields. To sum up, different styles of management applied in different parts of the world are due to different culture backgrounds and industry modes. As seen in the comparison example of Japan and America, both these two styles make contributions to their own culture relatively. For example, American style stresses on the individual innovation but lacking in discipline and supervision; however, Japanese style focuses on absolute leadership and partnership but lacking in creativity work. Although each of them has been found some defects, both of them develop a specialized path. In fact, management style is a dynamic and fluid concept that interacts with cultural differences and organization structure. It is a challenge for a international leader or a manager to choose a proper management style that works for them and best matches the values of the subordinates. It might be predicted that different management styles will be mixed to produce more effective and positive decision makings.

Problems at Perrier free essay sample

The case study Problems at Perrier faces issues of resistance to change and strained relationships. By the end of this short essay we will understand two things about Perrier’s troubles. There will be a clearer definition of the key elements of the resistance to change and we will have also developed a strategy for dealing with the situation. The Communication Connection One thing that can be noted is management may not agree with the changes because of the unfamiliarity and lack of knowledge based on the real issues. Managers, at least as much as any other category of employee, are likely to have within their ranks a range of opinions as to whether a proposed change is a good idea. † (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 170). When the managers look back and see that profits were large and growth developed at a rapid pace, moving forward with change is difficult. Often people need to see what is in it for them or have a clear idea of why exactly any change is needed when th ings worked fine previously. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems at Perrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Personal Attachment Change can be taken personal and have an affect on a person’s interest in the organization. People who have stocks or retirement plans built in as part of their income might show a strong resistance to the change. That self-interest shows concern for how the change will affect them rather than focus on whether it will be good for the organization. [no notes on this page] -2- Working With Change at Perrier 3 This personal attachment can be built on many factors and opinions which people use to justify their resistance. Something that is similar to personal attachment is the fact that the employee’s and management at Perrier had different ideas as to why the change was happening. They can possible take if personally because they have different thoughts and are confused about the plans being applied. According to the Nestle CEO Peter BrabeckLetmathe, â€Å"We have come to the point where the development for the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 183). A New Strategy for Management One of the most effective forms of delivering a solid speech and plan is to have clear communication. The managers at Perrier should help educate the employees and build a chart defining the connection between the change and new strategies. People can be afraid of the unknown and being uneducated and then not being involved with the change is relevant to the â€Å"unknown. † Nestle and the management at Perrier should have began a strategic plan by developing a higher level of communication between themselves first. Once that relationship was established, a plan to rebuild the relations between anagement and the employees would have been easy to build. Becoming Involved People like to generally be involved with things when it will have an impact on them, whether it be at work or at home. Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier was continuously working against Nestle. Having the employees involved could have brought new insight and ideas into the negations which might have been relevant for Jean-Paul Franc to use in making plans with Nestle. Allowing people to have the opportunity to be involved also increases their knowledge about the situation and allows them to form their no notes on this page] -3- Working With Change at Perrier 4 own opinions which will not be based just on pure resistance. If they have an understanding then their acceptance or resistance will feel justified. Leadership and motivation can also be high points for management at Perrier. Motivation through education and rewards for increasing productivity could encourage new direction. Conclusion A level of support and education needs to be built into a solid f oundation for anyone to understand why change is needed.

Thomas Jefferson Essays (2018 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson The third president of the United States, a diplomat, statesman, architect, scientist, and philosopher, Thomas Jefferson is one of the most eminent figures in American history. No leader in the period of the American Enlightenment was as articulate, wise, or conscious of the implications and consequences of a free society as Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, a tobacco plantation in Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a self-made success, and although uneducated he was a very intelligent man. His mother, Jane Randolph was a member of one of the most distinguished families in Virginia . Peter Jefferson died when Thomas was 14 and left him valuable lands and property. Denied a formal education himself, he directed that his son be given complete classical training. He studied with Reverend Mr. Maury, a classical scholar, for two years and in 1760 he attended William and Mary College. After graduating from William and Mary in 1762, Jefferson studied law for five years under George Wythe. In January of 1772, he married Martha Wayles Skelton and established a residence at Monticello. When they moved to Monticello, only a small one room building was completed. Jefferson was thirty when he began his political career. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgess in 1769, where his first action was an unsuccessful bill allowing owners to free their slaves. The impending crisis in British-Colonial relations overshadowed routine affairs of legislature. In 1774, the first of the Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston until Massachusetts paid for the Boston Tea Party of the preceding year. Jefferson and other younger members of the Virginia Assembly ordained a day of fasting and prayer to demonstrate their sympathy with Massachusetts. Thereupon, Virginia's Royal Governor Dunmore once again dissolved the assembly (Koch and Peden 20). The members met and planned to call together an inter-colonial congress. Jefferson began writing resolutions which were radical and better written than those from other counties and colonies. Although his resolutions were considered too revolutionary and not adopted, they were printed and widely circulated and subsequently all important writing assignments were entrusted to Jefferson. When Jefferson arrived in Philadelphia in June, 1775, as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress, he already possessed, as John Adams remarked, "a reputation for literature, science, and a happy talent of composition" (Koch and Peden 21). When he returned in 1776, he was appointed to the five-man committee, including Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, which was charged with the most momentous assignment ever given in the history of America: the drafting of a formal declaration of independence from Great Britain (Daugherty 109). Jefferson was responsible for preparing the draft. The document, was finally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. Cut and occasionally altered by Adams, or Franklin, or the Congress itself, the Declaration is almost completely Jefferson's, and is the triumph and culmination of his early career. At this time, had he wanted to be a political leader, he could have easily attained a position in government. Instead, he chose to return to Monticello and give his public service to Virginia. Returning to the Virginia House of Delegates in October 1776, Jefferson set to work on reforming the laws of Virginia. He also proposed a rational plan of statewide education and attempted to write religious toleration into the laws of Virginia by separating Church and State by writing the "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom." In June of 1779, Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia. He commenced his career as a public executive, confident of his abilities, assured of the respect and almost the affection of his commonwealth. However, he took up his duties at a time when the British were raiding Virginia. General George Washington did not have resources available to send to Virginia. Jefferson, during one of the raids, narrowly escaped capture at the hands of the British troops; and the legislators were forced to flee from their new capital city of Richmond. Jefferson, as head of the state, was singled out for criticism and abuse. At the end of his second term, he announced his retirement. General Washington's approval of Jefferson's actions as Governor is in marked contrast to the heated charges of dereliction of duty made by certain members of the legislature. After Washington's approval the legislature passed a resolution officially clearing Jefferson of all charges (Smith 134,135). Jefferson returned home to Monticello in 1781, and buried himself in writing about Virginia. The pages of text turned into a manuscript later known as the Notes on Virginia. This book, rich in its minute analysis of the details of external nature as in its clarification of moral political,

Bicycle Theif essays

Bicycle Theif essays Another fine example of neorealism is The Bicycle Thief (1948), written by Cesare Zavattini and directed by Vittorio De Sica. The narrative of this film unfolds in post-W.W.II times. The film is a portrait of the post-war Italian disadvantaged class (the majority) in their search for self-respect. It is a time of struggle for the Italian people, amplified by a shortage of employment and lack of social services. In the first scenes of the film, these conditions are evident as Antonio Ricci (Lamberto Maggiorami) meets his spouse Maria (Lianalla Carell) on his way back home. We see the men arguing at the employment office as the women argue about the shortage of water. Although the directors pessimism drives the plot, it is ultimately the clash with human optimism which gives this film affective power. Antonios new job can bring his family new hopes and happiness, which are drastically destroyed when his bicycle is stolen. The banal circumstances are brought to life when it is realized that a modest bicycle is such an important element in determining the future survival of the Ricci family. Human optimism is there, beginning with Antonios excitement when he gets his bike from the pawn shop, and the next morning when the family joyfully interacts before setting out for work. These scenes contain the promises that a modest job can bring and the dignity and pride of being able to once more function within Italian society. The embodiment of this self-respect is shown when Antonio and his son Bruno (Enzo Staicca) both smile at Maria as they leave home. Self-respect and all the related values such as pride, dignity, modesty and honor are very important in Italian society. Witness Bruno, whom at a young age, works full time at a gas station. Brunos contributions to the Ricci family make him a man and strip him of his innocence. Being able to work is a ...

7 short answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7 short answer - Essay Example The Mexican land owners were turned into aliens in the land where they were born and brought up. Both the Mexican landowners and the squatters faced a moral dilemma when the act came into being. In his death bed, Don Mariano Alamar blamed the US government which allowed the squatters to stake claims on the land owned by the Californios, like him. He said that the squatters were victims of a wrong legislation as he was. He also blamed the government for subverting moral principles so that this could happen. In the world of ‘The Squatter and the Don’, a gentleman is a Californio and not a squatter or a brigand. A gentleman also means, a person who knows how to keep his beloved away from suffering and pain. 5) In the closing chapter of Death Comes for the Archbishop, Latour expresses satisfaction at having lived to see the end of two great injustices. One of them is the end of slavery in the U.S. What is the other one? The second injustice alluded to by Latour was the injustice suffered by the Navajos, the Indian tribes living in the Northern America. Their land was invaded by the generals from United States and they were made landless. But in 1868, by an agreement, they were â€Å"resorted to their own country† and thus the injustice mentioned by Latour in this novel got corrected to some extent (Cather, 290). Thomas Stupen had an affair with the grand daughter of Wash Jones but after she gave birth to a girl child, Stupen was unhappy that he did not have a male heir. Hence he abandoned the woman and the child after telling them that they were not even worthy of sleeping in his stables, which enraged Jones and he killed Stupen. Dew Breaker means a person who destroys the serenity of the grass that stands fresh in the morning dew. In this novel, a Dew Breaker is the member of a group who tortured and killed thousands of people during the rule of Franà §ois and Jean-Claude Duvalier in

Irish Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Irish Law - Case Study Example 3. Did the District Court err in not awarding compensation to the appellant for the injuries suffered by him that turned him in to a paraplegic STATEMENT OF THE FACTS James Naughton lost a significant amount of money at the racetrack seeking solace he went to powers pub were he consumed pints of larger and five double vodkas and redbull. The pub landlord knew him and offered him a lift home he refused (no attempt was made to dissuade him) he then walked the mile to were his car was located. He then drove off in search of more beer he was spotted driving erratically by several pedestrians and he then went to superMacs were he consumed a mighty mac meal. He then drove of to nellanys pub and parked his car directly in front of the premises he was served one beer but was refused anymore frustrated he drove 15 miles were he knew there was more liquor he was driving a short distance were he crashed into a wall his spinal cord was severed and he was rendered a paraplegic as a result of the crash He filed a court action alleging both pubs owed him a duty of care because he was allowed to drive when drunk and was served alcohol when drunk. The second pub Nellanys agreed to a confidential settlement, which cannot be stipulated for legal reasons. The actions against the first pub powers was dismissed on grounds that no legal authority would extend such a duty on publicans. ARGUMENT 1. Negligence has two meanings in law of torts i.e. Negligence as a mode of committing certain torts, e.g., negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. In this context it denotes the mental element, and Negligence is also considered as a separate tort. It means a conduct... He filed a court action alleging both pubs owed him a duty of care because he was allowed to drive when drunk and was served alcohol when drunk. The second pub Nellanys agreed to a confidential settlement, which cannot be stipulated for legal reasons. The actions against the first pub powers was dismissed on grounds that no legal authority would extend such a duty on publicans. 1. Negligence has two meanings in law of torts i.e. Negligence as a mode of committing certain torts, e.g., negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. In this context it denotes the mental element, and Negligence is also considered as a separate tort. It means a conduct which creates a risk of causing damage, rather than a state of mind. The House of Lords in 'Donoghue v. Stevenson'(1932) A.C. 562 treats negligence, where there is a duty to take care, as specific tort in itself, and not simply as an element is some more complex relationship or in some specialized breach of duty 'Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills(1936)A.C.85'. According to 'Heaven v. Pender' (1883) 11 Q.B.D.

Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Wideband Application

Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Wideband Application Career Episode 1 CE 1.1 Introduction This career episode describes about the project which I have done during my vocational industrial training that was undertaken at Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited, India in 2009. The title of the project was Design and Fabrication of Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Wideband Application. It was completed on time and I was awarded for it. This was my individual project. I was a Diploma student in Electronics Communication at Sarvoday Polytechnic Institute. CE 1.2 Background The project focuses on micro-strip antenna which are small in volumes, have great integration and are cost effective along with providing good performance. I tried to solve its disadvantage of having narrow impedance bandwidth, poor radiation efficiency and low gain. Recently the wideband technology is gaining consideration due to its communication systems that offer reduction in fading, high bandwidth, and low power needs. Wideband receivers make use of narrow band interference suppressions methods that will advance its performance range of communications and capacity. There is problem of jamming of receiver by these narrowband signals on the wideband systems. The reason for doing this project was its challenge to achieve multi frequency operations and enhancement of the bandwidth of wideband applications. And to solve the issue relating patch antenna having low gain and narrow bandwidth. And majorly to improve its capacity and range of communications. CE 1.3 Objective of project There are few methods that have been developed for enhancing bandwidth. They are: 1. by increasing thickness of substrate 2. by stacking different radiating elements of antenna vertically or laterally. 3. low dielectric permittivity 4. utilization of magnetic dielectric substrates. To form a thick substrate of low dielectric permittivity so that the bandwidth of printed patch increases. There was struggle with this approach for implementation of integrating antenna to other microwave circuits due to its large inductive image of input impedance of antenna and surface wave propagation. Bandwidth greater than 25% is achieved by loading of surface with the help of slots of appropriate shape. CE 1.4 My obligations As a team leader, I have many responsibilities and duties which I need to perform with honesty. Few of my duties were: To assign tasks to fellow team mates Perform research on related topics Design the hardware structure and finalize components for use. Motivate team members Study various reference materials to understand concepts and imply them Regularly report project guide about the status of my project Troubleshoot the project after its completion CE 1.5 Personal Engineering Activity A micro-strip antenna or also known as patch antenna comprises of a dielectric substrate that has a metallic ground plane on one side and a radiating metallic part on the other. They are mostly found in circular, elliptical or rectangle shapes for easy analysis and fabrication purpose. There are few micro-strip antenna that use metal patch mounted above ground plane using dielectric spacers instead of dielectric substrate. Modern printed circuit type technology is used to manufacture micro strip antenna which are relatively cheap. The size of antenna is directly related to wavelength at resonant frequency and employs at ultra-high frequency and high frequency. Below figures show the structures and inner view of micro-strip antennas. CE 1.6 Design Procedure I then started with designing of patch antenna. Various steps were involved which are described below. The design of a low-profile patch antenna is very complex. The fact is that the low profile, the wide impedance bandwidth and the omni directional radiation pattern cannot be accomplished simultaneously. Step 1: Calculate of the patch width Step 2: Calculate of the effective dielectric constant Step 3: Calculate of the effective length Step 4: Calculate of the length extension Step 5: Calculate of the actual length of the patch Step 6: Calculate of the ground plane dimensions The transmission line model is suitable for only infinite ground planes. However, for practical requirements, it is essential to have a finite ground plane. It observed from many literatures that similar results from finite and infinite ground planes can be obtained if the size of the ground plane is greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness around the periphery. CE 1.7 I started with constructing my wideband antenna with double band rejection feature as per my design steps. I did some calculations and then made a study on individual notches and their band notch properties. Proper care was taken to minimize the cross coupling among them and so that the operation is not hampered when integrating the notch elements. Thereafter, two L-shaped slits and an E-shaped slot of varying dimensions are etched on the radiating patch to produce notch characteristics. Then I also implemented a V-shaped strip on ground plane to achieve additional resonances at 15GHz and wide impedance bandwidth at this higher band. The major parameters affecting the performance properties of micro-strip patch antenna are patch length, width and inset of feed location along with the length and location of slots. By changing the value of à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ º, one can determine the required sensitivity for impedance to match and then adjust the electromagnetic coupling between the patch and ground plan along without any extra cost. From my investigation on various design techniques I found the parameter variation of dimension to be the most reliable method. CE 1.8 I performed come calculation and effective length and dielectric constant can be calculated as Leff = L + 2ΆL. Also, the performance of an antenna can be measured considering number of parameters including critical ones like radiation pattern, gain, directivity, bandwidth, return loss and voltage standing wave ratio. Keeping the resonant frequency (fr or fo) as 7GHz and dielectric constant (ÃŽÂ µr) of 4.4. the height of dielectric substrate (h) is selected as 1.6mm. I made use of MATLAB application that provide GUI interaction. GUIDE provides tools that are useful in designing user interface for custom applications. It also auto-generates the MATLAB code for construction of GUI and can be modified by user. It can store in two file formats i.e. . fig file which as complete code description and .m file that has the actual code. CE 1.9 The major problems I faced while working on this project was in its design. As achieving enhanced bandwidth with multifrequency operations in many of the wideband patch antennas. Also, there was an issue concerning with the low gain and narrow bandwidth due to specifications that are used. And biggest challenge was to achieve good and better-quality performance with increased capacity and having wide range of communication using suppression techniques applied to patch antennas. CE 1.10 Working within a group during a project is a learning experience. I learnt how to get adjusted with the views and thoughts of other and how to stay connected and focused with each other to fulfill the project commitments and to compete with hassle-free. It taught me new ways to tackle things and situation. Programming and coding were not my forte so I got a chance to understand and gain knowledge about it from my team mates who knew it. At every stage I motivated, interacted and took suggestions from my team mates and gave a fair and unbiased solution and decision, as a team leader to any problem that we faced. CE 1.11 Summary I have proposed a small monopole antenna that has the characteristics of single and dual band notches and capability of being used in wideband applications. The antenna in my project works on 2.83GHz to 18.93GHz band and has two rejections between 3.47GHz to 4.33GHz and 5.10GHz to 5.80GHz band range. After performing various measurements and simulation on this project of antenna, it resulted in good relation with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and loss returned. Thus, this thesis had met the objective of designing and simulating the wideband micro-strip patch antenna. It had also provided a sense of attainment as a substantial quantity of work had been accomplished. Nevertheless, there are still significant and vital areas that require further work. The project held lot of importance in my career as it was my first hands-on experience and that was a part of my curriculum and vocational training. My seniors, guides and professors were appreciating my work and stood by me when needed. This project built my confidence, leadership quality and strengthened my educational skills of electronics.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 42

I Need a Huge Favor On New Year's Eve day, after agreeing to buy unlimited beer for our neighbors, Jake manages to trade seats with the season-ticket holder in front of me – and once Jake is seated, he props my cast up onto his shoulder so I am able to sit down during the Falcons game. A few minutes into the first quarter, head coach Andy Reid pulls the starters, and the game announcer reports that Dallas has somehow lost to Detroit, which means that the Birds have clinched the NFC East for the fifth time in the last six years and the current game is meaningless. Everyone in the Linc cheers, high fives abound, and it is hard to stay in a seated position. With the starting wide receivers out, I get my hopes up for Hank Baskett, and he actually does catch a few balls in the first half, each of which Scott, Jake, and I celebrate excessively because I am wearing my Baskett jersey over my winter coat, and we all like to root for the undrafted rookie. It's 17 – 10 Eagles at halftime, and Scott actually leaves the game, saying that he promised his wife he'd come home for New Year's Eve if the Cowboys lost and the Eagles game became meaningless. I give him a hard time about leaving and am surprised that my brother does not join in with the ribbing. But shortly after Scott takes off, Jake says, â€Å"Listen, Pat. Caitlin has me going to this black-tie New Year's Eve party at the Rittenhouse Hotel. She was mad at me for going to the game today, and I was sort of thinking about taking off early so I could surprise her. But I don't want to leave you here with the cast and all. So how do you feel about leaving early?† I'm shocked, and a little mad. â€Å"I want to see if Baskett gets his second touchdown,† I say. â€Å"But you can go. I'll be all right here with all the real Eagles fans – the people who are staying to see the whole game.† It's not a very nice thing for me to say, especially since Caitlin is probably already dressed and waiting for Jake to come home, but the truth is, I need my brother's help getting out of the Linc on crutches. I have a feeling that Baskett will get the ball a lot in the second half, and I know Jake really wants to see the game anyway; maybe he'll be able to use his mentally ill brother as a good excuse for missing the first part of Caitlin's New Year's Eve party; maybe this is what Jake really wants and needs. â€Å"Beer man!† I yell to the Coors Light guy who is passing our row. When he stops, I say, â€Å"Only one beer because this guy here is leaving his crippled, mentally insane brother to go to the Rittenhouse Hotel so that he can swill champagne with non-Eagl es fans in tuxedos.† My brother looks like I punched him in the gut, and soon he is pulling out his wallet. â€Å"All right. Fuck it. Make it two beers,† Jake says, and I smile as my brother sits down in Scott's seat and helps me prop my cast up onto the back of the empty seat in front of me. Through the second half, Baskett continues to catch A. J. Feeley's throws, and early in the fourth quarter my favorite player runs an out, catches the ball, and runs down the sideline eighty-nine yards for the second touchdown of his young career. Jake helps me stand, and then everyone in our section is high-fiving me and slapping my back because over my coat I am wearing the Baskett jersey my brother gave me when I first got out of the bad place. I would later learn that Baskett is the first Eagles player to catch two touchdown passes longer than eighty yards in the same season – which is an accomplishment, even if number 84 has only been a marginal player this year. â€Å"And you wanted to leave,† I say to Jake. â€Å"Go Baskett!† he says, and then gives me a one-armed sideways hug – shoulder-to-shoulder. After the Eagles' backup players win the last regular season game, the Birds finish their season at 10-6, locking up at least one home play-off game in the process. I crutch my way out of the Linc with Jake as my fullback, parting the crowds, shouting, â€Å"Cripple coming through! Cripple coming through! Move out the way!† We don't meet up with Cliff's gang until we get back to the fat men's tent and the Asian Invasion bus. But when we do, our friends greet us with a Baskett chant because number 84 had a career-high 177-yard day and an 89-yard TD. With play-offs to discuss, everyone is reluctant to leave, so we drink beers and discuss the 8-8 Giants, whom the Birds will play in the first round. When Cliff asks me if I think our team will beat the Giants, I tell my therapist, â€Å"Not only will the Eagles win, but Hank Baskett will catch another touchdown.† Cliff nods and smiles and says, â€Å"You called it before the season even started: Hank Baskett is the man!† Jake leaves first because he and Caitlin have that hotel New Year's Eve party to attend, so we all make fun of him and call him whipped – but even though he is leaving us for his woman, I give him a hug and thank him again for staying, getting me a season ticket, and paying for the play-off tickets too, which are pretty expensive. And I know Jake has forgiven me for making him miss the second Dallas game, because he hugs me back and says, â€Å"No problem, brother. I love you. Always. You know that.† After Jake leaves, we drink beers for another half hour or so, but eventually many of the guys admit they too have New Year's Eve plans with their wives, and I take the Asian Invasion bus home to New Jersey. The Eagles have won the last five games and the NFC East, so there's no stopping Ashwini from blowing the Asian Invasion bus horn when he pulls up to my parents' house, and when he does, the chant blares loudly – â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† – which brings my mother to the door. Standing on the front step, Mom and I wave as the green bus pulls away. We eat a late New Year's Eve dinner together as a family, but even after another Eagles win and with Super Bowl hopes alive, my father doesn't say much, and he heads for his study before Mom finishes her meal, probably so he can read historical fiction. Just before the ball drops on Dad's huge flat-screen television, Mom asks me if I want to go outside and bang pots and pans like we used to do when I was a kid. I tell Mom I don't really want to bang pots and pans, especially since I am tired from spending the day outside in the cold, so from the couch, we watch people celebrating in Times Square. Two thousand and six becomes 2007. â€Å"It's going to be a good year for us,† Mom says, and then forces a smile. I smile back at Mom, not because I think it is going to be a good year, but because my father went to bed an hour ago, Nikki never came back, there's not even the slightest inclination to suggest that 2007 is going to be a good year for either Mom or me, and yet Mom is still trying to find that silver lining she taught me about so long ago. She is still holding on to hope. â€Å"It's going to be a good year,† I say. When Mom falls asleep on the couch, I turn off the television and watch her breathe. She still looks pretty, and seeing her resting so peacefully makes me angry at my dad, even though I know he can't change who he is, but I wish that he would at least try to appreciate Mom more and spend some quality time with her, especially since he doesn't even have the Eagles to be grumpy about anymore, because the season is already a success regardless of what happens in the play-offs, especially after making it this far without McNabb. And yet I know my father is not likely to change, because I have known him for thirty-five years, and he has always been the same man. Mom tucks her knees and elbows in close to her body and begins to shiver, so I push myself up, grab my crutches, and crutch my way over to the closet. I pull a blanket from the bottom of the closet, crutch my way over to Mom, and cover her – but she continues to shiver. Back at the closet, I see a heavier blanket on the top shelf, so I reach up and pull it down. It falls on top of my head just after I hear a little crash. I look down, and by my feet is a videocassette in a white plastic case that has two ringing bells on the cover. I crutch my way over to my mother and cover her with the heavier blanket. It is hard to pick up the cassette with my cast preventing me from squatting – I actually have to sit down on the floor to pick it up. After sliding over to the TV, I slip the cassette into the VCR. I look over my shoulder, checking to make sure that Mom is sleeping soundly, and then turn down the volume before I hit PLAY. The video is not completely rewound, and the part that pops up on-screen is the beginning of the reception dinner. Our guests are seated in the banquet room of the Glenmont Country Club, which is near a golf course in a swanky little town just outside Baltimore. The camera is focused on the entrance doorway, but you can see the dance floor and the band too. Using the microphone, the lead singer says, â€Å"Let's introduce the wedding party Philly style,† at which point the horn section of the band begins playing the opening notes of â€Å"Gonna Fly Now!† The guitarist and bassist and drummer soon begin playing, and even though it doesn't sound exactly like Rocky's theme song, it's close enough to get the job done. â€Å"Parents of the groom, Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Peoples!† Our guests clap politely as my mom and dad cross the dance floor arm in arm, and the painful expression on my father's face suggests that this was one of the worst experiences of his life – being announced at my wedding. â€Å"Parents of the bride, Mr. and Mrs. George Gates.† Nikki's parents do a little skipping routine into the banquet hall, making them look sloshed, which they were, and I laugh thinking about how much fun my in-laws were when they drank. I really do miss Nikki's parents. â€Å"Bridesmaid, Elizabeth Richards, and groomsman, Ronnie Brown.† Liz and Ronnie come out waving to our guests, as if they are royalty or something, which was strange, and the tactic all but mutes their applause. Ronnie looks young in the video, and I think about how he was not yet a father, how Emily did not even exist when this video was shot. â€Å"Maid of honor, Wendy Rumsford, and best man, Jake Peoples!† Jake and Wendy walk across the dance floor and directly toward the camera until their faces are life-size on my father's huge flat-screen television. Wendy just sort of screams like she is at an Eagles game or something, but Jake says, â€Å"I love you, brother!† and then kisses the camera lens, leaving a lip-shaped smudge mark. I see the videographer's hand emerge and quickly wipe the lens with a piece of cloth. â€Å"And now, for the first time ever, allow me to introduce Mr. and Mrs. Pat Peoples!† Everyone stands and cheers as we walk into the banquet room. Nikki looks so pretty in her wedding dress. She's holding her head in that cute, shy position, with her chin close to her chest, and seeing her now makes me cry because I miss her so much. When we move to the dance floor, the band shifts gears, and I hear those sexy synthesizer chords, faint high-hat taps, and then the soprano saxophonist steps forward and â€Å"Songbird† takes flight. Something in my mind begins to melt, and it feels as though I am experiencing an ice-cream headache – or as if someone is churning my brain with an ice pick. I'm not seeing the television screen anymore, I'm seeing the road through a fogged windshield, and it's raining something fierce. It's not even four in the afternoon, but it's as dark as midnight. I'm upset because we have a big game coming up and yet the gym roof is leaking again like a sieve, which has forced me to cancel basketball practice. All I want to do is take a shower and then watch game tapes. But when I enter my house, I hear a soprano sax moaning, and it's strange to hear Kenny G's smooth jazz coming from my bathroom at a time like this. Mr. G's notes are swirling all about. I open the bathroom door; I feel the steam lick my skin, and I wonder why Nikki is listening to our wedding song in the shower. Kenny G's solo has reached a climax once more. The CD player is on the sink, and two piles of clothes rest on the floor, and a pair of men's glasses are on the sink next to the CD player. Sexy synthesizer chords, faint high-hat taps. â€Å"You fucking whore!† I scream as I rip the shower curtain off the rod, exposing so much awful, soapy flesh. I'm standing in the tub. My hands are around his throat. I'm between them now, the shower is spraying the back of my coat with hot spokes, weighing down my sweatpants, and he is in the air, begging me with his eyes, pleading for a breath of air. His hands are trying to break my grip, but he is a tiny, weak man. Nikki is screaming; Kenny G is playing; Nikki's lover is turning purple. He's so small, I can hold him up against the tiles with one hand. I cock my elbow back, squeeze a tight, teeth-shattering fist, and take aim. His nose explodes like a packet of ketchup. His eyes are rolling into the back of his head; his hands have fallen away from mine. When I cock back my fist a second time, the music stops playing, and then I'm on my back in the tub and Nikki's naked lover has fallen out of the tub and naked Nikki is holding the CD player in her trembling hands. When I try to stand, she smashes the CD player over my head once more; my knees give out, and I see the silver faucet rise li ke some fat, shiny snake to strike the hard spot just above my right eyebrow, and then – – I wake up in a hospital and immediately begin vomiting all over myself, until nurses arrive and tell me not to move my head. And I'm crying and calling for Nikki, but she does not come to me. My head hurts so badly. When I touch my forehead, I feel some sort of bandage, but then my hands are being forced to my sides. The nurses are screaming and holding me down, and then doctors are restraining me too. I feel a prick in my arm, and †¦ When I blink, I see my reflection in the blank television screen. The video has ended. I look life-size on my father's flat screen, and I can see my mother asleep on the couch, just over my right shoulder. As I continue to stare at myself, my little white scar begins to itch, but I do not really want to smash my forehead with my fist. I find my feet and crutch my way into the kitchen. The address book is still in the cabinet above the stove. I place a call to Jake's apartment. As the phone rings, I look at the microwave and see that it is 2:54 a.m., but I remember that Jake is at a swanky hotel party and won't be home until tomorrow, so I decide to leave a message. Hello, you've reached Jake and Caitlin's machine. Please leave a message after the beep. Beep. â€Å"Jake, it's your brother, Pat. I need a huge favor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 