Employment Of Female Police Officers - 1848 Words

The research focus guiding this study is the employment of female police officers in the United States. The research is largely motivated by negative police/community relations across the country. General research topics that are focused on are: employment of female police officers, use of force by male and female police officers, styles of policing, and attitudes towards female police officers. The study is looking to establish whether or not having a larger number of female police officers in a department will result in the department having a positive relationship with the surrounding community. The goal of this literature review is to examine common themes or trends between scholarly research articles on this topic, and attempt to†¦show more content†¦The results of the study found that helping citizens and job security were very influential motivators of females to pursue law enforcement careers. The results also reflected that many female police officers see themselves as equal to male officers when it came to job duties and performance. For the research, Seklecki and Paynich (2007) used systematic random selection to select every thirtieth agency listed in the National Directory of Law Enforcement Administrators, Correctional Institutions, and Related Agencies to receive their survey, and then the surveys were distributed to all female law enforcement employees of those agencies. Raganella and White (2004) also discuss the employment of female police officers, as well as their motivations to pursue a career in law enforcement. Unlike Seklecki and Paynich (2007), Raganella and White (2004), did not conduct a nation-wide study; they conducted a study of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). They also included minority police officers, along with female police officers, to compare with white male police officers. The study wanted to research motivational differences between these three groups to understand the connections between NYPD female and minority hiring efforts, and their underrepresentation as police officers. A convenience sampling method was used (an NYPD academy class that was allowed to participate) and surveys were distributed that asked about eighteen

Vocational Education for Vulnerable Young People Employment and Empowerment in the Cambodian Urban - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 534 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Employment Essay Did you like this example? This research methodology is precise and promised on purposive in sampling (Yin 2003) or what has approach, an equal insight into the phenomenon, and analytic generalisation and this better theorising to the issue of and employment in urban combodia will be provided by this methodology which will help to select some cases which are responsible of the complex characteristics of NGOs in combodia by given only a flavour of generalisability but also a higher degree of certainty in theorising. In this case a table was used with 6 variables, one for registration, size, location, training, knowledge and skill portfolio, it also analyses youth involvement in technical, moral and cultural, and linkage to employment, these formation was made to help in capturing the representativeness of dynamics of NGOs capturing in combodia whose where targeted groups involve in vulnerable youth aged 14-30 and whose VE service is a response to labour market need. Another approach was also adopted in answering the above question whose was based on participatory observation, documentary collection and semi structured interview, after which an empirical model of an integrated pedagogy of vocational education was built up accordingly, these further provided a theoretical verification of comparing it with what VE graduates perceive as constituting the integrated VE pedagogy in the follow up survey. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vocational Education for Vulnerable Young People Employment and Empowerment in the Cambodian Urban" essay for you Create order To determine the number of students per year and their location who do enrolled them self into VE education training, and knowledge and skills portfolio linkage to employment, a number of data was collected from the intervened NGOs in combodia, after which a 3 metric table where designed with the nine NGOs investigated. The table provided the empirical data needed. These finding leaded to a pedagogical concept of at lest a triangulated by cross-checking views as follow Among differences interviewers (of leading managers, administrative staff, teachers and students) Among different NGOs Among different data collection techniques, and even. Across two different periods of field work. All these processes lead to two approaches of case background and a follow-up evaluation where the researcher has to adopt semi-structured interviews in the first fieldwork period. Which shows a statistical terms, the sample size equivalent to the population used in the structured interview. And the mini questionnaire. To further supplement and explain the findings derived from the mini questionnaire, qualitative evidence was gathered by direct observation of the original graduate students’ performance at their place of work by doing so, the importance of pedagogical constituents from the service users perspective could be further identified and scrutinised. The three-tier approach to empowering young people shows that learning formally was neither job-oriented nor motivational. Students also imply that a responsible, cooperative and inclusive environment which discriminates against no-one in the process is most effective for nurturing young people’s performance and personalities. In creating such an environment, a six pedagogical constituents at separately embedded in the three different physical learning environment settings was found as follow Relationship (change to rust, love, openness) Rehabilitation (self-expression, self-esteem and confidence) Know-how acquisition (teamwork, hands-on, practical, participation) Moral involvement (valves, model, reasoning, responsibility and social work) Incentive provision (earn-while you-lean against opportunity cost, for motivation) Consultative provision (grow while you work. Problem solving and critical thinking in a process of productivity and socialization)

Rhetorical Analysis Of Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1700 Words

In literature, there are many different components that create a timeless and classic text, such as personification, imagery, or symbolism. In some texts an author uses overbearing amounts of imagery to give us a vivid description of what is happening in the story, in others an author may give very little visual details, but instead incorporate countless allusions to help the reader better understand their story by alluding other popular works. Through the use of themes and symbols, however, an author can show how he or she, or the society at the time of their writing, views a certain social movement or item. Effectively using multiple literary techniques makes a work of literature, not only satisfying to read, but it also gives it a sense of importance in understanding exactly why that piece was written, because every work of literature has its own reason for being made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one such author that has used themes and symbols to effectively give a certain story she wrote a large amount of importance in furthering her ideology with society and reformation at the time. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† uses the symbolism of the story s title, confinement to the room, and the narrator’s husband to reveal different themes about society at the time the book was written along with why Gilman wrote the story as she did. Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in 1890, and it was officially published by The New England Magazine in January 1892. During this timeShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman894 Words   |  4 Pagesmood, and plot. Devices, such as situational irony, symbolism, and setting, are all helpful when reading short stories. Situational irony refers to when a character’s actions have the opposite effect of what was intended. The author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, uses situational irony in The Yellow Wallpaper to make the plot of her story interesting. In her short story the narrator is moved to a temporary home due to her health and is not allowed to do anything, which makes her go insane. SheRead MoreDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper1357 Words   |  6 PagesDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper Deconstruction or poststructuralist is a type of literary criticism that took its roots in the 1960’s. Jacques Derrida gave birth to the theory when he set out to demonstrate that all language is associated with mental images that we produce due to previous experiences. This system of literary scrutiny interprets meaning as effects from variances between words rather than their indication to the things they represent. This philosophical theory strives

Gluckel of Hameln’s Memoirs - 1010 Words

Gluckel of Hameln’s memoirs Gluckel of Hameln was a Jewish woman from Hamburg who lived in the seventeenth century. She wrote her lengthy memoirs in Yiddish. Her memoir is regarded to be one of the most important documents for European Jewish history written by a Jewish woman. The diary or the memoirs are addressed to her fourteen children. In 1690, Gluckel became a widow after the death of her husband and the memoirs were a therapeutic way to heal her wounded heart. The diary was used to take away her sad thoughts and to get her through her sadness. She states â€Å"I am not writing this book in order to preach to you, but, as I have already said, to drive away the melancholy that comes with the long nights †¦Ã¢â‚¬ However, in her diary she†¦show more content†¦In her memoir in book five she gives credit to some of the women like Esther Mattie who she describes as, A pious, honorable woman who †¦always went to fairs. Gluckel also recognizes widows like Baruch of Berlin, who she says à ¢â‚¬ ¦ still remained fully in business after her husbands death. The information reflects how the Jewish businesswomen took seriously their work by travelling to the fairs abroad to sell their goods. This was atypical to the German Christian wives who stayed within the city walls and played their role in the retail sector. Unlike the German Christian wives, the Jewish wives were not viewed to be flattering by becoming dominant members of society and be fully engaged in the male dominant labor force. The Jewish wives were viewed as subordinates in the society who were assumed to become active and bring home an income. The Jewish women travelled to the fairs to sell their merchandise and this did not undermine the womans reputation. Unlike their Christian partners, women who earned much brought additional marriage proposals, because it indicated the womans commitment to her husband and family. The memoirs serve as a reminder to her children to know the value of hard work. The memoir shows the distinction between hard work of the German Jewish women and the German Christian women in the 17th and 18th century. The memoirs have placed the main focus on the comparison of German Jewish womens lives and that of German Christian womens lives. UsingShow MoreRelatedGluckel of Hameln: The Identity of Jewish Women Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagesto the domestic roles women played in society, they also played roles in the trade and commerce. Gluckel of Hameln authored one of the earliest-known Jewish memoirs detailing the rise and fall of her own fortunes (Schachter.) She had great judgment for business transactions, and when she was widowed at age 54 she took over her husband’s business to ensure her children’s future. In her memoir, Gluckel describes her marriage as a business partnership, boasting that her husband would turn only to her

3 Poems Free Essays

string(143) " directive verbs which addresses to another person such as \(listen, look, come \(2x\), run \(2x\), jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry and sing\)\." Republic of the Philippines Tarlac State University COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City 73 Poems (A Stylistic Analysis) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In the course EM9 Introduction to Stylistics Submitted to: Mr. Christopher Ronn Q. Pagco Instructor [1] (listen) this a dog barks and how crazily houses eyes people smiles [5] faces streets steeples are eagerly tumbl ing through wonder ful sunlight [10] – look – selves,stir:writhe o-p-e-n-i-n-g are(leaves;flowers)dreams ,come quickly come [15] run run with me now jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for it’s Spring [20] irrevocably; and in earth sky trees :every where a miracle arrives [25] (yes) you and I may not hurry it with a thousand poems my darling [30] but nobody will stop it With All The Policemen In The World (E. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. Cummings, 73 Poems) Introduction Stylistic is very different from studying literature. That is why it is really difficult to do a stylistic analysis than to do a literary analysis. Because when doing a literary analysis, you just focus on the elements of the story and the theory being used. It is totally different when doing a Stylistic analysis, which you should always be based on facts. That is why doing a stylistic analysis is really factual and complicated. In doing a stylistic analysis, we try to explain how the words in the text create feelings and meanings. I will be analyzing the 73 poems of E. E. Cummings. I will show you the stylistic features of the poem. Edward Estlin Cummings was born October 14, 1894 in the town of Cambridge Massachusetts. His father, and most constant source of awe, Edward Cummings, was a professor of Sociology and Political Science at Harvard University. In 1900, Edward left Harvard to become the ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, in Boston. As a child, E. E. attended Cambridge public schools and lived during the summer with his family in their summer home in Silver Lake, New Hampshire. E. E. loved his childhood in Cambridge so much that he was inspired to write disputably his most famous poem, â€Å"In Just-â€Å". Not so much in, â€Å"In Just-† but Cummings took his father’s pastoral background and used it to preach in many of his other poems. In â€Å"you shall above all things be glad and young,† Cummings preaches to the reader in verse telling them to love with naivete and innocence, rather than listen to the world and depend on their mind. Attending Harvard, Cummings studied Greek and other languages. In college, Cummings was introduced to the writing and artistry of Ezra Pound, who was a large influence on E. E. and many other artists in his time. After graduation, Cummings volunteered for the Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. En-route to France, Cummings met another recruit, William Slater Brown. The two became close friends, and as Brown was arrested for writing incriminating letters home, Cummings refused to separate from his friend and the two were sent to the La Ferte Mace concentration camp. The two friends were finally freed, only due to the persuasion of Cummings’ father. E. E. Cummings experimented with poetic form and language to create a distinct personal style. A Cummings poem is spare and precise, employing a few key words eccentrically placed on the page. Some of these words were invented by Cummings, often by combining two common words into a new synthesis. He also revised grammatical and linguistic rules to suit his own purposes, using such words as â€Å"if,† â€Å"am,† and â€Å"because† as nouns, for example, or assigning his own private meanings to words. Despite their nontraditional form, Cummings’ poems came to be popular with many readers. Stylistic Analysis Before I start the analysis itself, let me tell first my initial interpretation of the poem. This is my general interpretation of the poem. 73 poems is a book which is a collection of poems by E. E. Cummings. It has 73 pages and each poem does not have any title. The poem that I will be doing a stylistic analysis is found on page 63. The fact the E. E. Cummings did not make or put a title in each poem gives the reader the permission to give their own title. So for reference, I will use the word ‘Spring’ as a title. Since, it is the first word in the poem written in capital letter. Cummings’ poems are difficult to interpret because they contain striking irregularities. Many of E. E. Cummings poems that I have read appear to all the joy and new things it brings in life but other works symbolizes negativity to mankind. ‘Spring’ is a reference for a new life. It is a beginning. I have related it in the life of everyone. After the winter which can be a symbol of problems and struggles, we people are happy in the fact that spring is coming which can be a symbol that every problem has its ending and solution. When you are somehow forgetting God and not putting Him in the center of your life, it is like everything is wrong. But when you put Him in the center of your life, everything seems alright. When everything goes wrong just keep your faith. You will feel blessed and at ease at all times. And this new life with the Lord is ‘Spring’. I came up with this interpretation by merely looking at the words and by reading beyond the lines. Linguistic Stylistic Features I easily noticed that the poem consists of many nouns and verbs. NOUNSMAIN VERBSADJECTIVESADVERBS doglistenwonderfulcrazily housesbarkseasily yestumblingquickly peoplelookirrevocably smilesstir faceswrithe streetsopening steeplescome (2x) sunlightrun (2x) leavesjump flowersshout dreamslaugh earthdance skycry treessing miracleis poemsarrives policemenhurry worldstop 192114 The nouns are mostly concrete and only two are abstract (dreams and miracle). Nouns that are related to nature are dog, leaves, flowers, earth, sky, trees, miracle and world. Nouns that are related to human are houses, eyes, people, smiles, faces, streets, steeples, dreams, poems and policemen. There are no neologisms and no morphological deviation which Cummings is fond of using. It makes use of directive verbs which addresses to another person such as (listen, look, come (2x), run (2x), jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry and sing). You read "3 Poems" in category "Essay examples" The most striking aspect of deviation in ‘ Spring’ is the constant use of lower case letters instead of capital letters which is known as the graphological deviation. It is very typical of Cummings’ poems so I will no longer give significance to it. Cummings’ desire is to break the normal convention. The effect of graphological deviation is to foreground the words which are written in capital letters. Since ‘Spring’ is the first word which is written in capital letter, I can say that it plays a big role in the meaning of the poem. Some of the words are really written in a strange manner. In lines 7 and 8, Cummings divides the word tumbling so that the progressive morpheme –ing appears on a separate line. In these lines, the verb appears to tumble from one line to the next. I think it is a way for us to understand the action being done as an important concept in the poem. In lines 8 and 9, the word wonderful runs across the morphemes (wonder and ful). I can interpret it in two ways, the noun wonder and the adjective wonderful. There is astrong element of foregrounding in the last stanza (With All The Policemen In The World) since the words start in capital letters which make it stand out. There is also lack of phonological parallelism, obvious lack of punctuation and it follows the grammatical ordering which follows the rules of syntax. Perhaps, Policemen is used because they are the stereotype example of powerful people. There is also the second pronoun (you) in line 26 and it has an addressee referred to ‘my darling’ in line 29. Suggesting that there is a romantic relationship between the speaker and whomever he is referring or addressing to. Semantic Deviation In lines 12 and 13, (o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leaves;flowers)dreams). In line 13, leaves and flowers mean that they are physically opening. Dreams cannot actually open. It breaks the rule of subject-verb-object. It will be more appropriate to say the leaves and flowers are opening. It makes me arrive to the interpretation that the poet’s dreams are opening metaphorically. In line 2 (this a dog barks). The possible explanation of this is that this is used to show that the speaker is referring to a specific dog, but a is used to show that the speaker is not sure of the dog’s name. Grammatical Deviation Cummings used much punctuation where it would not be necessary. Example is in lines 12 and 13 (o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leaves;flowers)dreams). This phrase is being bracketed where punctuations are not needed. In lines 3 to 6 (how crazily houses/eyes people smiles/faces streets/ steeples are eagerly) and in line 22 (earth sky trees) groups of nouns are often run together without punctuation. Cummings split the progressive participle ‘opening’ into its component letters (o-p-e-n-i-n-g). The hyphens are used to express that opening of Spring is a long, drown out process and slow. The following line (are(leaves;flowers)dreams) contains no spaces between words and punctuation marks. Dynamic verbs such as in line 10 (-look-) which comes with hyphens on both sides, the initial verb in line 14 (,come quickly come) which starts with a comma and in line 11 (selves,stir:writhe) which is connected by a colon and lack of space which makes them foregrounded. Actions are foregrounded in different ways. In line 15 (run run) I noticed that there is repetition of words. In lines 16, 17 and 18 (with me now/jump shout(laugh dance cry sing)for) the verbs occur in unpunctuated list. Tense Most of the verbs are in present tense. The simple present tense are barks (line 2), is (line 9) and arrives (line 24). There are present progressive verbs such as are eagerly/tumbling (lines 6, 7 and 8) and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are (lines 12 and 13). There are also progressive present participles (tumbling and opening) indicates the ongoing nature of action. There are also four adverbs of manner which convey sense of speed (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably). Sound Patterns I found the repetition of particular sound which is in the phonological order. There is a degree of phonological parallelism in each stanza except the last two stanza. There are 3 repetitions of vowel sounds. how crazily houses (line 3) eyes people smiles (line 4) steeples are eagerly (line 6) †¦wonderful sunlight (lines 8 and 9) , come quickly come (line 14) sing) for it’s Spring (line 19) Conclusion The effect of foregrounding is to make it unusually easy for us to understand the poem. Actually after doing the stylistic analysis of the poem, I never thought that the real meaning of the poem is very superficial because on my interpretation is something that is not explicitly shown. And knowing E. E. Cummings’ of poems most of them or maybe a lot of them entails deeper meaning which you as a reader should really think of the possible interpretation of the poem. And ‘Spring’ is an exception to that. Now that I have analyzed the poem stylistically, I am in the position to give the meaning of the poem. ‘Spring’ is an active and dynamic poem since most of the words express movements and it involves senses. The poem is to be address to a lover that nobody can stop the love that he feels for the love if his life. It is also to acknowledge the inevitability of the natural world. With All The Policemen In The World expresses that nothing or nobody is able to stop the progression of Spring or the poet’s love to his addressee. Reflection Essay â€Å"Am I able to do it? † that is the question that really tickled my mind and bothered me a lot. Stylistic analysis is a new endeavor for me. It is very far different from doing a literary analysis and critizing a literary piece which I am comfortable and confident in doing. When I am doing the analysis itself, I can say that the feeling is really vague. It is like I am on something and I do not know where and what to do. I do not know how to start. But as I am on the process of doing the stylistic analysis, I felt a part of me feeling fulfillment. The most important thing that I have learned in doing the stylistic analysis is discipline as how foregrounding is the corner stone of stylistics. Because I believe that discipline is the corner stone for you to achieve something that you want. Discipline comes from the heart. I know that this is the reason behind why I was able to do my stylistic analysis. I have the heart and the passion in doing this. Patience is also a virtue that I have developed. Because doing a stylistic analysis is a long process. It does not stop on finding and noticing the foregrounded parts of the poem. You have to prove and say your piece of why and how that part of the poem is foregrounded. You have to go back to the lines on the poem many times. You have also to devote your time in analyzing the poem because you are basing your works on facts and not by merely looking the words on the poem. At first, I admit that I will be having a hard time doing it. But as I go through the process and making the first move, I found myself having fun and enjoying what am I doing. Doing a stylistic analysis is something that we should not be afraid of. In fact, it is an easy thing to do as long as you are guided with the correct steps to follow in doing the analysis. As I did the analysis of the poem, I found myself proud. Proud in the fact that, I finished my analysis with my own blood and sweat. It made me somehow feel that I am a certified sylistician even though it was only my first time to do a stylistic analysis. Upon finishing my analysis, I have reflected that stylistic analysis is like life. It is like the authors of poems. They write poems using their own perspective and style because that is what they like. Nobody is dictating them to do so. Another thing is that doing a stylistic analysis is a process. In this way, life also follows a certain process. A good example of this is that, when you want to achieve something, start from the basic step before you can go to a more difficult one, life is really a process, you cannot get want you want with just a blink of an eye. It is something that we should always work for. The stylistic analysis helped me in many ways. Not only on the virtues that I have developed, the discipline but also the academic value it taught me. It made me see the world of literature vividly. I can say that literature is really an interesting work of art. References: http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fass/projects/stylistics/sa1/example. htm http://famouspoetsandpoems. com/poets/e__e__cummings How to cite 3 Poems, Essay examples

Management Style Between American and Japanese free essay sample

A case in point is Japan and United States. A management style is an overall method of leadership used by a manager, or in other words, it is a type of staff employed and the way they are organized. Generally speaking, management can be categorized into two different styles: paternalistic form and democratic style. Moreover, Japanese and American leaderships correspond with these two styles. According to researchers, paternalistic form means autocracy, which reflects more opinions and personality of the leader. Conversely, democratic style put an emphasis on the innovation of subordinates, in which circumstances, employees are involved in decision-making. These differences appears to be taken into account in different aspects of local civilization. Thus, three key factors might be inferred as cultural environment, organization forms and industrial focus. This essay is designed to find out the reason why different parts of world adopt different management style and make a comparison of two nations, such as the internal culture and the external structure. Therefore, it will be a comparison not a judgement. To give a brief comparison between J (Japanese) style and A (American) style, the most concerned distinction is supportiveness. Ouchi and Jaeger (1978) in the paper quoted: Japan provides models of work systems which organize life and society but we in America have been unwilling to borrow these models, because they do not permit the individual freedom that is valued in American life. As freedom is regarded as a national philosophy rooted in each American s heart, they value independence as a most important individual freedom. On the other hand, J style concentrates on group cohesion and is depend on the leaders decision and guidance. In A style a man might prefer to stand out as an exclusive contributor among his conventional colleagues; however, in J style the approach to work and responsibility is collective and non-individual. These J characteristics are largely resulted from the lifetime employment policies of the large companies in Japan. Ouchi and Jaeger identify seven aspects in contrasting these two styles (Wellence, 2007). For A style, it is qualified with a short-term employment in the first aspect; on the other hand, J style tends to have a longer length of service. It seems that long employment can promote familiarity of business. In the second aspect, individual responsibility is essential to A style, which means that companies are determined on an assessment of individual contribution; for J style, collective responsibility has been adopted as a main mechanism of reliability. Evaluation and promotion can be seen high in A style but low in J style, which are caused by the other characteristics. Slow promotion means that employees become more assimulated into the culture of the organization. Thus in A style, it has an explicit and formalized control, but J style is excluded. That directly makes employees a Specialized career path in A style; in contrast, there is a nonspecialized career path in J style. From a whole perspective, A style possesses a segmented concern; on the contrary, J style has an advantageous of holistic concern (Wellence, 2007). Management scholars have suggested that contextual factors, especially culture, have a strong impact on subordinates reaction to various leadership style. Furthermore, a recent study by Walumbwa and his colleagues indicates that cultural environment plays a crucial moderating role in management styles (Walumbwa, et al. 2007). Japan is an island nation in East Asia. It has a long history might be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic Period. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has shaped Japans history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. In other words, in the long history of Japan, it has been a representative of a highly centralized state power. Therefore, the practice of militarism straightly results in a organization type of absolute compliance with leaders, which is reflected in the management style correspondingly. Different from Japanese history, America is famous for its War of Independence, by which American people fight against the British colonization and declare their independence. Moreover, United States is an immigrate nation and her citizens are mostly from Europe, who are strongly aware of democracy and individual rights. Thus, decision making is found to be dominated by the force of most members rather than leaders. It is undeniable that cultural boundaries separate people who are in a same event and create obstacles among them. In addition, that is a reason why can also account for the difference of management style, such as American and Japanese. The work of Walumbwa and his colleagues (2007) imply that leaders are supposed to revise their management style when interacting with subordinates from different cultural environments to expand their effectiveness and to build stronger organizational commitment. It is a clear illustration of different culture values may produce different management style. Culture values are mostly manifested in ways of thinking and doing. For example, the Japanese have a tendency to issue orders rather than ask for cooperation. However, the American are also much more outspoken and direct (Wingrove, 1995). Furthermore, Japanese values a seniors orders as principles, and the compliance would be admired; but in America, personality and individual independence have been deeply rooted in each citizens thought. Consequently, cultural value introduces different managing strategies. An entrepreneurial style is not desirable in all situations, it seems to be regarded as good or bad when considered in a particular organizational or environmental context. Jeffrey and Dennis (1998) have stated that the high level of performance achieved by many innovative firms with flexible, non-bureaucratic structural attributes suggests that the fit between organization structure and firms entrepreneurial orientation may be particularly crucial to the effectiveness of that firm. Therefore, a well-defined, clearly related organization structure could realize a reasonable management style. According to Charles (1977), the socio-economic situations in the U. S. and Japan during the three decades following the Second World War were wholly different. In domestic and foreign market, the Japanese economy has grown up as an external-oriented industry. It is essentially that a highly import dependent economy and Japanese executives have kept this in mind. Although the economy is vulnerable due to external variations, Japan achieves a rapid economic growth that even exceeded the United States (Charles,1977). On the other hand, U. S. economy concerntrates on the development of technology. As new technology is in demand of endless innovation and creativity to make a breakthrough, the conservative Japanese management style is bound be a second choice, however, the indvividual motivated American style is firstly needed. While American business had to keep up with technological progress in almost all major fields during this period, Japanese business achieved technical success in some specialized fields. To sum up, different styles of management applied in different parts of the world are due to different culture backgrounds and industry modes. As seen in the comparison example of Japan and America, both these two styles make contributions to their own culture relatively. For example, American style stresses on the individual innovation but lacking in discipline and supervision; however, Japanese style focuses on absolute leadership and partnership but lacking in creativity work. Although each of them has been found some defects, both of them develop a specialized path. In fact, management style is a dynamic and fluid concept that interacts with cultural differences and organization structure. It is a challenge for a international leader or a manager to choose a proper management style that works for them and best matches the values of the subordinates. It might be predicted that different management styles will be mixed to produce more effective and positive decision makings.

Problems at Perrier free essay sample

The case study Problems at Perrier faces issues of resistance to change and strained relationships. By the end of this short essay we will understand two things about Perrier’s troubles. There will be a clearer definition of the key elements of the resistance to change and we will have also developed a strategy for dealing with the situation. The Communication Connection One thing that can be noted is management may not agree with the changes because of the unfamiliarity and lack of knowledge based on the real issues. Managers, at least as much as any other category of employee, are likely to have within their ranks a range of opinions as to whether a proposed change is a good idea. † (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 170). When the managers look back and see that profits were large and growth developed at a rapid pace, moving forward with change is difficult. Often people need to see what is in it for them or have a clear idea of why exactly any change is needed when th ings worked fine previously. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems at Perrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Personal Attachment Change can be taken personal and have an affect on a person’s interest in the organization. People who have stocks or retirement plans built in as part of their income might show a strong resistance to the change. That self-interest shows concern for how the change will affect them rather than focus on whether it will be good for the organization. [no notes on this page] -2- Working With Change at Perrier 3 This personal attachment can be built on many factors and opinions which people use to justify their resistance. Something that is similar to personal attachment is the fact that the employee’s and management at Perrier had different ideas as to why the change was happening. They can possible take if personally because they have different thoughts and are confused about the plans being applied. According to the Nestle CEO Peter BrabeckLetmathe, â€Å"We have come to the point where the development for the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 183). A New Strategy for Management One of the most effective forms of delivering a solid speech and plan is to have clear communication. The managers at Perrier should help educate the employees and build a chart defining the connection between the change and new strategies. People can be afraid of the unknown and being uneducated and then not being involved with the change is relevant to the â€Å"unknown. † Nestle and the management at Perrier should have began a strategic plan by developing a higher level of communication between themselves first. Once that relationship was established, a plan to rebuild the relations between anagement and the employees would have been easy to build. Becoming Involved People like to generally be involved with things when it will have an impact on them, whether it be at work or at home. Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier was continuously working against Nestle. Having the employees involved could have brought new insight and ideas into the negations which might have been relevant for Jean-Paul Franc to use in making plans with Nestle. Allowing people to have the opportunity to be involved also increases their knowledge about the situation and allows them to form their no notes on this page] -3- Working With Change at Perrier 4 own opinions which will not be based just on pure resistance. If they have an understanding then their acceptance or resistance will feel justified. Leadership and motivation can also be high points for management at Perrier. Motivation through education and rewards for increasing productivity could encourage new direction. Conclusion A level of support and education needs to be built into a solid f oundation for anyone to understand why change is needed.